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Biology - Unit 2 > B2 - Exam Mistakes > Flashcards

B2 - Exam Mistakes Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

Nucleus of the cell

In the chromosomes

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2
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell?

A

To contract and relax

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3
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Heart rate * stroke volume (amount of blood pumped in one pump)

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4
Q

Why do fit people have a lower heart rate?

A

They have a larger stroke volume meaning the cardiac output is the same but the heart doesn’t have to work as hard because the heart rate is lower

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5
Q

Give 5 ways that plants use glucose

A 
Energy
Starch
Protein
Fats
Cellulose
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6
Q

What does fat break down into?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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6
Q

Why does digesting fat decrease the pH?

A

Fatty acids are produced which are of course acidic

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7
Q

What causes the daughter cells of mitosis to be genetically identical?

A

The DNA is replicated to make the daughter cells

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8
Q

If a person has polydactyly, what is the smallest number of alleles for polydactyly that could be found in the person and why?

A

1

Dominant allele

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9
Q

Someone has cystic fibrosis. How many copies of CF allele would they need to have CF and why?

A

2

Recessive allele

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10
Q

What is the function of mitochondria? 2 marks

A

To transfer energy for use

By aerobic respiration

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11
Q

Explain why someone with a higher cardiac output can run faster. 5 marks

A

They send more blood to the muscles

Which supplies more oxygen

And more glucose

So faster rate of respiration

Removes more carbon dioxide and lactic acid

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12
Q

How do plants get energy? 2 marks

A

Light is absorbed

By chlorophyll in the chlotoplasts

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13
Q

Why did Mendel think that the production of a large amount of offspring plants improved the investigation? 3 marks

A

Fertilisation is random

More likely to get theoretical ratios

Anomalies have a reduced effect

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14
Q

Why did people not support Mendel’s ideas? 3 marks

A

Didn’t know about chromosomes, DNA or genes

Mendel was not part of an academic establishment

He only worked on pea plants

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15
Q

Why is there no difference in the effect of pepsin after pH 5? 2 marks

A

Pepsin denatured

ENZYME no longer fits substrate

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16
Q

What are the 3 main ways that animals use diffusion?

A

For gas exchange because of respiration (oxygen in and carbon dioxide out)

Food molecules absorbed like glucose and amino acids

Water absorption in the large intestine

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17
Q

What are the 4 main ways that plants use diffusion?

A

Gas exchange because of photosynthesis (carbon dioxide in and oxygen out)

Water lost from leaves (transpiration)

Water absorption by roots

Mineral ions absorbed by roots

18
Q

What is an allele?

A

One form of a gene

19
Q

What does recessive mean?

A

Not expressed if dominant allele is present

20
Q

Many early life forms were soft bodied. Why does this makes it difficult to be certain what these life forms were like? 2 marks

A

Fossils destroyed

Due to soft parts decaying

21
Q

What is diffusion? 2 marks

A

Movement of molecules

From high to low concentration

22
Q

What substance diffuses out of leaves through the stomata?

A

Oxygen

23
Q

Describe how someone should decide where to place quadrats to investigate a distribution. 2 marks

A

Choose places randomly

Because it is the method of obtaining randomness

24
Q

What is mechanical breakdown?

A

Breakdown of food due to muscles contracting (mouth and stomach)

25
Q

Explain how a changed in the DNA of a gene can result in the production of an enzyme by that genre that won’t work. 3 marks

A

Sequence of amino acids is different

So the enzyme has the wrong shape

So the substrate will not fit into the enzyme

26
Q

Where do you put the quadrat when measuring the distribution of an organism along a transfer and why?

A

At regular intervals down the transect

So that you can see how the distribution changes as you go along the transect

27
Q

How many chromosomes are there in an adult cell?

A

46 (23 pairs)

28
Q

What does isomerase do?

A

Turns glucose into fructose

29
Q

How does a chromosome become 2 strands?

A

DNA replication

30
Q

Explain why each chromosome must become 2 strands before the cell divides. 2 marks

A

One copy of each strand to each offspring cell

Each offspring cell receives the same genetic material

31
Q

What could be done to ensure that a lamp used to change light intensity won’t affect temperature?

A

Heat bath before hand

Use LED instead

32
Q

Explain how oxygen passes from the blood to the mitochondria of cells. 3 marks

A

Diffusion

From high to low concentration of oxygen

Through cell membrane

33
Q

Suggest how receiving more sunlight could result in more flowers per stalk. 2 marks

A

More glucose / energy available because of more photosynthesis

So more growth of flowers possible

34
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

Expressed even when a different allele is also present

35
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

When a dominant allele is also present, it is not expressed

Only expressed if there are no other different alleles present

36
Q

Why would scientists use stem cells when treating a damaged part of the brain. 2 marks

A

Stem cells can DIFFERENTIATE

To form brain cells

37
Q

Describe how speciation occurs. 4 marks

A

Population is separated into 2 areas with different conditions

Mutations occur in the isolated populations

Natural selection acts differently on the 2 populations because of difference in conditions

Eventually the populations become so different that they can’t interbreed to produce fertile offspring anymore

38
Q

Explain why the boy didn’t get the generic disorder. 2 marks

A

Also inherited normal gene from other parent

The changed gene was recessive and the normal one was dominant so normal one is expressed

39
Q

Give 2 advantages of using immobilised isomerase in beads when making fructose

A

Isomerase will not contaminate fructose

Continuous flow process possible

40
Q

Why is fructose used in slimming foods. 2 marks

A

Less fructose to get same sweetness

Less sugar means it is less fattening

41
Q

Why do offspring plants from parents with different amounts of chromosomes not have the ability to reproduce sexually. 2 marks

A

Some chromosomes can’t pair up

There are gametes with extra genes

42
Q

Why would it help a plant to survive if air was provided to it? 3 marks

A

Provides oxygen

For aerobic respiration

Supplying energy for survival

43
Q

How could people improve validity when measuring distribution with transects? 2 marks

A

Repeat several times

Elsewhere along shore [parallel to original line]

Biology - Unit 2 (10 decks)

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