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Biology - Unit 2 > B2 - Cell Division > Flashcards

B2 - Cell Division Flashcards

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0
Q

What do the nuclei of body cells contain?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

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1
Q

What are body cells?

A

All of our cells other than our gametes (sex cells)

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2
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Strands of DNA that have been passed from the mother and father

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3
Q

Why do chromosomes match up into pairs?

A

They have the same sets of genes

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4
Q

What are genes?

A

Sections of chromosomes that carry instructions to make proteins

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5
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A

The pairs of chromosomes double up (replicate)

The cell divides into 2 new daughter cells

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6
Q

What are daughter cells?

A

The two cells that are identical to each other and to the original parent cell before the mitosis has taken place

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7
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

Cells that have 23 pairs of chromosomes

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8
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Fertilised egg

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9
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Gametes (sex cells)

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10
Q

How does meiosis work?

A

It doubles up the pairs of chromosomes
The cell divides into 2 identical cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes
The cells divide again to form 4 different cells with 23 single chromosomes each

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11
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

Cells with 23 single chromosomes

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12
Q

What type of cells is haploid

A

Gametes (sex cells)

All body cells are diploid

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13
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A cell that has the ability to become a different type of cell

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14
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

Cells in an embryo that can become any type of cell because they are unspecialised

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15
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells that can become multiple types of cell but not any type

16
Q

What is the main place in the body where adult stem cells be found?

A

Bone marrow

17
Q

How does asexual reproduction work?

A

Using mitosis

18
Q

What 2 things does mitosis do?

A

Replaces lost and damaged cells

Grows muscles and bones

19
Q

What is DNA and where is it found?

A

A type of acid that contains all of the instructions to put an organism together and make it work

In nucleus of cells in the chromosomes

20
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that contains all of the instructions to make a specific protein

21
Q

Describe how cells make proteins

A

They string together 20 amino acids in a particular order to make a specific protein

22
Q

What else does DNA do?

A

Because it tells the cell which proteins to make, that means that it determines what type of cell it is

23
Q

In what 2 ways is DNA fingerprinting used?

A

Forensic science

Paternity testing

24
Q

What are the 3 main uses for stem cells?

A

Adult stem cells can be used to cure disease (people with blood diseases can be treated by bone marrow transplants which contains stem cells that can turn into new blood cells)

Embryonic stem cells can be used to replace faulty cells in people because of how changeable embryonic stem cells are

To find out more about how cells differentiate and how people develop

25
Q

What are the 2 arguments against stem cell research?

A

Embryos shouldn’t be used for research because each one is a potential life

Scientists should concentrate on trying to find other sources of stem cells so that people can be helped without using embryos

26
Q

What are the 2 arguments for stem cell research?

A

People think that curing patients that already exist is more important than the rights of embryos

The embryos used in research were usually unwanted ones and would be destroyed anyway

27
Q

What controls if you are male or female?

A

If your 23rd pair of chromosome is XX you are female

XY is male

28
Q

Why are the arrangements XX and XY?

A

All egg cells come from women so in meiosis, the XX chromosome of the woman is split into 2 X chromosomes meaning the egg is always X

Men have XY so the sperm cell can either get an X chromosome or a Y chromosome at a 50% chance

29
Q

Describe the Punnett square

A

You make a table and put the alleles / chromosomes of person 1 as the rows and person 2 as the columns

For each cell of the table, you put the row and column of that row to make a chromosome / allele

Example: If the rows were X and Y (a man) and the columns were X and X, the table would go from left to right as XX, XX, XY, XY

30
Q

Describe the genetic diagram

A

You put the 2 original pairs of chromosomes / alleles at the top in circles

You draw lines down from these to the 4 individual chromosomes / alleles

You draw lines from the individual constituents to make all the possible combinations at the bottom

Biology - Unit 2 (10 decks)

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