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Biology GCSE AQA > B2 - Cell Organisation > Flashcards

B2 - Cell Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

A group of cells is called what?

A

Tissue

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2
Q

A group of tissue is called what?

A

An organ

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3
Q

A group of organs is called what?

A

Organ system

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4
Q

A group of organ systems is called what?

A

Organism

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5
Q

What does muscular tissue do?

A

Contract to move whatever it’s attached to

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6
Q

What does glandular tissue do?

A

Makes and secretes hormones and enzymes

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7
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Cover organs and parts of the body

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8
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts

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9
Q

What are catalysts?

A

Substances which increase the speed of a reaction without being changed by the reaction

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10
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

Large proteins

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11
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Chains of amino acids

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12
Q

What do enzymes have that vary between different types and dictate which type of reactions the catalyse?

A

Active sites which are a specific shape for a specific substrate

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13
Q

What is the ‘lock and key’ model of enzyme reactions?

A

When you draw the enzyme and substrate so they fit perfectly together like puzzle pieces

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14
Q

Why is the ‘lock and key’ model slightly inaccurate?

A

Enzymes will change their shape slightly when they bind to the substrate for a tighter fit

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15
Q

What two factors can heavily affect enzymes’ reactivity?

A

pH and temperature

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16
Q

What happens when the enzyme exceeds the optimum temperature or pH?

A

It can become denatured

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17
Q

What happens to make an enzyme denatured?

A

The active site changes

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18
Q

Why do digestive enzymes break down starch, proteins and fat?

A

Because the molecules are too big to pass through the digestive system walls

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19
Q

What is starch?

A

Carbohydrate

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20
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats and oils

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21
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that converts carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrase

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22
Q

What do carbohydrates get broken down into?

A

Sugars like maltose and dextrins

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23
Q

Where is amylase made? (3)

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

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24
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that converts proteins?

A

Protease

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25
Q

What are proteins broken down into?

A

Amino acids

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26
Q

Where is protease made? (3)

A

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine

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27
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that converts lipids?

A

Lipase

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28
Q

What are lipids converted into?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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29
Q

Where is lipase made? (2)

A

Pancreas, small intestine

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30
Q

What does bile do?

A

Neutralises acids and emulsifies fats

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31
Q

Where is bile made?

A

Liver

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32
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder

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33
Q

What does the bile neutralise and where?

A

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach

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34
Q

What does ‘emulsified fats’ mean?

A

Breaks fats down into tiny droplets

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35
Q

Why does the bike emulsify fats?

A

The fats have a larger surface area for lipase to work on and digestion becomes faster

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36
Q

What enzyme do the salivary glands produce?

A

Amylase

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37
Q

What enzyme does the stomach produce?

A

Protease

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38
Q

What does the liver produce that affects digestion?

A

Bile

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39
Q

What enzymes does the pancreas produce?

A

Protease, amylase and lipase

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40
Q

What enzymes does the small intestine produce?

A

Protease, amylase and lipase

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41
Q

What does the stomach do other than produce protease?

A

Pummels food with muscular walls and produces hydrochloric acid

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42
Q

Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid?

A

To kill bacteria and give the right pH for protease

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43
Q

What does the gall bladder do?

A

Store bile then release it into the small intestine

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44
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Absorb excess water from the food

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45
Q

What does the small intestine do other than producing enzymes?

A

Complete digestion with the enzymes, it is where digested food is absorbed into the blood

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46
Q

Where are the lungs?

A

The thorax, the top part of your body

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47
Q

What separates the upper and lower parts of you body?

A

The diaphragm

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48
Q

What protects the lungs?

A

The ribcage

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49
Q

Where does inhaled air go first?

A

The trachea

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50
Q

Where does air go after the trachea?

A

The bronchi: The trachea splits into two bronchi, one for each lung

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51
Q

Where does inhaled air go after the bronchi?

A

The bronchioles: the bronchi split into even smaller tubes

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52
Q

Where does inhaled air go after the bronchioles?

A

The alveoli: small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles

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53
Q

Where does inhaled air go after the alveoli?

A

The bloodstream

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54
Q

How does air get from the alveoli to the blood stream?

A

Diffusion

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55
Q

What is in the blood that arrives at the alveoli?

A

Carbon dioxide

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56
Q

What is in the blood that leaves the alveoli?

A

Oxygen

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57
Q

What is in the blood that arrives at the body cells?

A

Oxygen

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58
Q

What is in the blood that leaves the body cells?

A

Carbon dioxide

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59
Q

Breaths per minute =

A

Number of breaths/number of minutes

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60
Q

What type of blood flows through the right side of the heart?

A

Deoxygenated

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61
Q

What type of blood flows through the left side of the heart?

A

Oxygenated

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62
Q

Where does the blood go that leave the right side of the heart?

A

The lungs

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63
Q

Where does the blood go that leaves the left side of the heart?

A

The rest of the body

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64
Q

What does the heart do to pump blood?

A

Contract

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65
Q

What are the walls of the heart mostly made of?

A

Muscle tissue

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66
Q

What does the heart contain to keep blood flowing in the right direction?

A

Valves

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67
Q

How many chambers are in the heart?

A

Four

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68
Q

What are the upper chambers called?

A

The atria (singular: atrium)

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69
Q

What are the lower chambers of the heart called?

A

Ventricles

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70
Q

Through which vein does blood enter the right atrium?

A

Vena cava

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71
Q

Through what artery does blood leave the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary artery

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72
Q

Through what vein does blood enter the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary vein

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73
Q

Through what artery does blood leave the left ventricle?

A

Aorta

74
Q

What is a pacemaker?

A

Something that controls our resting heart rate

75
Q

Where are our natural pacemakers?

A

In the right atrium wall

76
Q

How do our natural pacemakers control our heart rate?

A

By sending an electrical impulse telling the heart’s muscle cells when to contract

77
Q

What happens if our natural pacemakers fail?

A

We can be fitted with an artificial pacemaker

78
Q

What are three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins and capillaries

79
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

80
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood to the heart

81
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

They are involved in transferring things between blood and tissues

82
Q

Which type of blood vessel carries blood at a high pressure?

A

Arteries

83
Q

Why do arteries have a high pressure?

A

The walls are strong and elastic and there isn’t much space inside the artery

84
Q

What is a lumen?

A

The space inside of the blood vessel that blood flows through

85
Q

What are the walls of arteries like?

A

Thick layers of muscle and electric fibres that allow them to stretch

86
Q

Do arteries or veins have larger lumen?

A

Veins

87
Q

What are vein walls like?

A

Thinner than artery walls

88
Q

Does blood flow through veins at a low or a high pressure?

A

Low

89
Q

What do veins contain to prevent back flow?

A

Valves

90
Q

What two properties do capillaries have to make diffusion easier?

A

Permeable walls, walls are only one cell thick

91
Q

What are the four key components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

92
Q

What is the function of the red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen around the body

93
Q

What is the shape of red blood cells?

A

Biconcave disc

94
Q

What common sub-cellular structure do red blood cells not have and why?

A

Nucleus, to allow for more room for the oxygen

95
Q

What five red blood cells their red colour?

A

Haemoglobin

96
Q

What happens when oxygen from the lungs enters the red blood cell?

A

It bonds with the haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

97
Q

What happens when oxygen leaves the red blood cells to go to the bodily cells?

A

The oxyhaemoglobin splits up into oxygen and haemoglobin and the oxygen diffuses out

98
Q

What is the function of the white blood cells?

A

To defend against infection

99
Q

What are the three things a white blood cell might do to a pathogen?

A

Engulf it, produce antibodies, produce antitoxins

100
Q

What do white blood cells have that red blood cells don’t?

A

Nucleus

101
Q

What is the function of the platelets?

A

To clot a wound

102
Q

What actually are platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells

103
Q

What is the function of plasma in the blood?

A

It carries everything

104
Q

What things are contained in the plasma? (10)

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, nutrients, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies, antitoxins

105
Q

What cardiovascular disease do stents and statins treat?

A

Coronary heart disease

106
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When the coronary arteries that give the heart oxygen become blocked up by layers of fatty material

107
Q

What is a result of coronary heart disease?

A

Lack of oxygen to heart which can lead to a heart attack

108
Q

What does a stent do?

A

It pushes the fat against the artery wall and allows more room in the lumen for blood to flow through

109
Q

What are the advantages of stents?

A

Long lasting, short recovery time after surgery

110
Q

What are disadvantages and risks of stents?

A

Operational complications, infection after surgery, blood clot near stent

111
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol

112
Q

What is the bad type of cholesterol called?

A

LDL cholesterol

113
Q

What are the advantages of statins?

A

Reduce risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks; help produce more of the good types of cholesterol

114
Q

What are the disadvantages of statins?

A

Long term drug makes forgetting to take them a possibility; can cause side effects like headaches, memory loss, liver damage, kidney failure; effect isn’t instant

115
Q

What can heart failure be treat with?

A

Artificial hearts

116
Q

What are artificial hearts normally replaced by?

A

Donor hearts

117
Q

What are the advantages of an artificial heart?

A

Don’t rely on a matching person’s death; less likely to be rejected

118
Q

What are the disadvantages of an artificial heart?

A

Surgery can lead to bleeding or infection; aren’t as realisable as natural hearts; can result in blood clots so patient has to take blood thinning drugs; blood thinning drugs can lead to serious blood loss in accidents

119
Q

What can damage heart valves?

A

Heart attacks, infection, old age

120
Q

What are the effects of valve damage?

A

Too stiff to let blood through at all, or too leaky to prevent back flow

121
Q

How do you solve the problem of a fault heart valve?

A

Replacing the valve

122
Q

Are replacement valves mechanical or biological?

A

Can be either

123
Q

What is an advantage of replacing a heart valve?

A

Far less drastic than a heart transplant

124
Q

What is a disadvantage of replacing a heart valve?

A

Still a major surgery with issues like blood clotting

125
Q

What is artificial blood?

A

A substitute for blood such as saline

126
Q

When is artificial blood used?

A

When a person suffers serious blood loss

127
Q

How does artificial blood help when blood has been lost?

A

It maintains the volume of blood until the body produces more blood cells

128
Q

What might a patient still need after receiving artificial blood?

A

A blood transfusion of real blood

129
Q

What would artificial blood ideally do that scientists are still working on?

A

Replace the function of the lost blood cells

130
Q

What is the definition of health?

A

The state of physical and mental wellbeing

131
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes disease

132
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that can spread from person to person, and also animals

133
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that cannot be spread between people

134
Q

What is a person with problems in their immune system more vulnerable to and why?

A

Communicable diseases because their body isn’t capable of fighting off the pathogens

135
Q

What are some factors that can affect your health other than disease?

A

Diet, exercise, stress, access to medical treatment and access to disease preventative measures

136
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Things that increase your chance of getting a disease

137
Q

Are risk factors a greater contributor to communicable or non-communicable diseases?

A

Non-communicable

138
Q

What are some risk factors that are known to not just increase the risk but directly cause diseases?

A

Smoking - cardiovascular disease, lung disease, lung cancer
Obesity - Type 2 Diabetes
Excessive drinking - Liver disease, damage brain nerve cells
Carcinogens - Things like radiation that can cause cancer

139
Q

What is cancer?

A

When a cancerous tumour grows

140
Q

What is a tumour?

A

Uncontrolled cell growth and division

141
Q

What are the two types of rumours?

A

Benign and malignant

142
Q

Which type of tumour is cancerous?

A

Malignant

143
Q

How benign tumours behave?

A

They stay in a single place, growing until they run out of room, and are the less dangerous type

144
Q

How do malignant tumours behave?

A

It grows and spread to healthy tissues, the cells will travel elsewhere via the bloodstream, they are dangerous and cancerous and can be fatal

145
Q

List four lifestyle based risk factor for cancer.

A

Smoking, obesity, UV exposure, certain viral infections

146
Q

What is a non-lifestyle risk factor that is beyond our control?

A

Genetics

147
Q

What are the three main organs of a plant?

A

Stem, roots, leaves and flowers

148
Q

What is the epidermal tissue?

A

It covers the whole plant

149
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll tissue?

A

The part of the leaf where photosynthesis takes place

150
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll tissue?

A

Part of the leaf containing large air spaces for gases to diffuse in and out

151
Q

What are the xylem and phloem?

A

Tubes in the plant that transport things like water, minerals and food

152
Q

What is the meristem tissue?

A

Found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and has unspecialised cells

153
Q

What does the leaf’s waxy cuticle do?

A

Cover the epidermal tissue to reduce water loss by evaporation

154
Q

What is different about the upper epidermal layer of the leaf?

A

It is transparent, to allow light through the palisade layer for photosynthesis

155
Q

What does the palisade layer have lots of?

A

Chloroplasts

156
Q

What additional structures are on the lower epidermal layer?

A

Stomata and guard cells

157
Q

What do the stomata on the bottom of the leaf do?

A

Let carbon dioxide diffuse into the leaf

158
Q

What do the guard cells on the bottom of the leaf do?

A

Control the opening and closing of the stomata depending on environmental conditions

159
Q

What do the phloem tubes transport?

A

Food

160
Q

What is the process of transporting food within the phloem called?

A

Translocation

161
Q

Which directions does translocation go in?

A

Either

162
Q

What do xylem tubes transport?

A

Water

163
Q

What is the process of water being transported through the xylem called?

A

Transpiration stream

164
Q

Which directions does the transpiration stream go in?

A

Up only

165
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from a plant

166
Q

What is transpiration caused by?

A

Evaporation and diffusion

167
Q

Where does most transpiration take place?

A

The leaves

168
Q

How does water escape from the plant?

A

The evaporated water goes out through the stomata in the leaves, because there is less water vapour outside the leaves so it diffuses

169
Q

What are the four main things that can affect transpiration?

A

Light intensity, temperature, air flow and humidity

170
Q

Describe the relationship between light intensity and transpiration rate.

A

The brighter the light, the faster the transpiration rate

171
Q

How does light affect transpiration?

A

Stomata exist to let carbon dioxide in for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis can not occur when it is dark, so the stomata close and as a result a lot less water can escape

172
Q

Describe the relationship between temperature and transpiration rate.

A

The warmer it is, the faster the rate of transpiration is.

173
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration?

A

The warmer the water particles are the more energy they have to move, so they can move quicker out of the plant.

174
Q

Describe the relationship between air flow and the rate of transpiration.

A

The stronger the wind around a plant, the greater the rate of transpiration

175
Q

How does air flow affect transpiration?

A

If there’s a good air flow then the previously diffuses water vapour outside of a leaf will be swept away. This means there will be a consistently small amount of water vapour outside of the leaf, maintains a large concentration gradient and faster diffusion

176
Q

Describe the relationship between humidity and transpiration rate.

A

The drier the air around a leaf, the faster the rate of transpiration

177
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration?

A

Humid air already contains lots of water vapour, creating a smaller concentration gradient and a slower rate of diffusion

178
Q

What is the rate of transpiration typically directly proportional to and can therefore be measured using it?

A

Uptake of water by the roots

179
Q

What is the shape of a guard cell?

A

Like a kidney

180
Q

What happens when the plant has lots of water?

A

The guard cells go plump and turgid to let out water vapour

181
Q

What happens when the plant is short of water?

A

The guard cells become flaccid and close to hold in the water vapour

Biology GCSE AQA (5 decks)

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