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Biology GCSE AQA > B1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Complex cells, animal and plant cells.

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2
Q

What is the nucleus of a plant cell?

A

It contains genetic material and controls the activities of the cell.

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3
Q

What is a cytoplasm?

A

It’s a gel like substance, containing enzymes, where most chemical reactions take place.

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4
Q

What is a cell membrane?

A

The barrier to the cell, it holds it together and controls what goes in and out.

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5
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Where the reactions for aerobic respiration take place.

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6
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

It is where proteins are made.

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7
Q

What is a cell wall?

A

It supports the cell and strengthens it. It’s made of cellulose.

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8
Q

What is a permanent vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap: a weak solution of sugar and salts.

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9
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

They contains green substance called chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis. They are also where photosynthesis occurs.

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10
Q

What type of cells are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic

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11
Q

What do bacteria cells have instead of a nucleus?

A

A strand of DNA floating freely in the cytoplasm, and sometimes rings of DNA called plasmids

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12
Q

What are microscopes?

A

Devices that allow us to get a magnified image of something we couldn’t see with the naked eye

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13
Q

What do light microscopes use to form an image?

A

Light and lenses

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14
Q

What do electron microscopes use to form an image?

A

Electrons

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15
Q

Do electron or light microscopes have a higher magnification?

A

Electron

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16
Q

Do electron or light microscopes have a higher resolution?

A

Electron

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17
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between two points, a sharper image

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18
Q

Magnification =

A

Image size/real size

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19
Q

What is a slide?

A

A clear strip of plastic or glass that you put the specimen on

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20
Q

What is the first thing you do in preparing a slide? (Onion)

A

Add a drop of water to the centre of the slide

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21
Q

What is the second thing you do in preparing a slide? (Onion)

A

Using tweezers, take a thin layer of the onion

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22
Q

What is the third thing you do in preparing a slide? (Onion)

A

Place the thin onion layer on the water droplet on the slide

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23
Q

What is the fourth thing you do in preparing a slide? (Onion)

A

Add a drop of iodine solution

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24
Q

What is the fifth thing you do in preparing a slide? (Onion)

A

Place a cover slip over the specimen

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25
Q

Why do you add iodine to a slide?

A

To stain the specimen

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26
Q

How do you place the cover slip on the slide?

A

Stand it upright on one edge, then tilt and lower it until it covers the specimen

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27
Q

Which lens do you use first on a light microscope?

A

The lowest powered objective lens

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28
Q

What does the coarse adjustment knob do on a light microscope?

A

Move the stage up and down

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29
Q

What does the fine adjustment knob do on a light microscope?

A

Adjust the focus

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30
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process in which a cell becomes specialised

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31
Q

When does most differentiation occur?

A

When an organism develops

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32
Q

When do plants lose the ability to specialise?

A

Never

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33
Q

What is the purpose of differentiating cells in mature animals?

A

For repairing and replacing cells

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34
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

To get male DNA to the female DNA

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35
Q

How is the sperm cell specialised for its function?

A

Long tail, streamlined, lots of mitochondria

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36
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

To carry electrical signals around the body

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37
Q

How are nerve cells specialised for their function?

A

They are long and branched

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38
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell?

A

To contract

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39
Q

How are muscle cells specialised for their function?

A

They are long and have lots of mitochondria

40
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell?

A

To absorb water and minerals from the soil

41
Q

How are root hair cells specialised for their function?

A

Big surface area

42
Q

What is the function of phloem and xylem cells?

A

They form phloem and xylem tubes that transport food and water around plants

43
Q

How are phloem cells specialised for their function?

A

They have very few sub-cellular structures

44
Q

How are xylem cells specialised for their function?

A

Hollow in the centre

45
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Coiled up DNA molecules

46
Q

Where in the cell are chromosomes?

A

The nucleus

47
Q

How many chromosomes does a normal body cell have?

A

46, 23 pairs

48
Q

How many chromosomes are from the mother and how many are from the father?

A

23 each

49
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When cells divide

50
Q

What is the end result of mitosis?

A

Two identical cells

51
Q

What does the cell have to to do before it divides?

A

Duplicate its DNA and increase the amount of sub-cellular structures

52
Q

What happens when the cell actually divides?

A

The chromosomes are pulled apart, new nucleus membranes form around each half, then cytoplasm and cell membrane divide

53
Q

What type of cells divide by binary fission?

A

Prokaryotic

54
Q

What happens in binary fission?

A

DNA and plasmids replicate, cells expands, DNA separate, new cell walls for, cell membrane divides

55
Q

How many copies of the DNA strands does each new daughter cell have after binary fission?

A

One

56
Q

How many plasmids does each daughter cell have after binary fission?

A

A variable number

57
Q

What do bacteria need to divide?

A

The correct conditions

58
Q

What is mean division time?

A

The average amount of time a bacterial cell takes to divide

59
Q

How do you calculate the number of cells produced in a period of time?

A

Total time the bacteria are producing cells/mean division time = number of divisions.

2 to the power of the number of divisions = number of cells produced

60
Q

What is another name for undifferentiated cells?

A

Stem cells

61
Q

Where can stem cells be found?

A

Embryos or adult bone marrow

62
Q

How many types of cell can embryonic stem cells differentiate into?

A

Any

63
Q

How many types of cells can adult stem cells differentiate into?

A

Only a few specific types, such as blood cells

64
Q

What can stem cells do for medicine?

A

Cure disease

65
Q

What type of cells might be replaced by stem cells?

A

Faulty blood cells, insulin producing cells for diabetics, nerve cells for people who are paralysed

66
Q

How can rejection be avoided in the use of stem cells?

A

Therapeutic cloning, giving an embryo the same genes as the patient

67
Q

Why are some people against stem cell research?

A

They feel embryos shouldn’t be experimented on as they are potential human lives

68
Q

Why are some people for stem cell research?

A

They believe the suffering patient is more important than the rights of embryos

69
Q

Where are plant stem cells found?

A

In the meristems

70
Q

What can plant stem cells be used for?

A

Cloning a plant

71
Q

Why is cloning a plant useful?

A

Can stop rare species being wiped out

72
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles from a high to a low concentration

73
Q

Where can diffusion occur?

A

Solutions and gases

74
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

The difference in concentration

75
Q

The bigger the concentration gradient…

A

The faster the rate of diffusion

76
Q

What else can increase the rate of diffusion?

A

High temperatures, make particles move quicker

77
Q

How do substances move in and out of the cell?

A

Diffusion through the cell membrane

78
Q

What type of molecules can diffuse through the cell membrane?

A

Small ones

79
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water particles through a partially permeable membrane

80
Q

What is active transport?

A

When substances move from a low to a high concentration, against the concentration gradient

81
Q

What type of cell do we mainly associate with active transport?

A

Root hair cell

82
Q

Why does active transport happen in root hair cells?

A

Because the plant needs the mineral ions from the soil but it often already has a higher concentration of them than the soil does

83
Q

What does active transport require?

A

Energy

84
Q

What is an exchange surface?

A

The surface has adapted to allow for easier diffusion

85
Q

What are some properties of exchange surfaces?

A

Thing membranes, large surface areas, blood supply, ventilated

86
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Little air sacs where gas exchange takes place

87
Q

What diffuses out of the alveoli?

A

Oxygen

88
Q

What diffuses into the alveoli?

A

Carbon dioxide

89
Q

What are the three main properties of alveoli that maximise diffusion?

A

Enormous surface area, thin walls, good blood supply

90
Q

What does the small intestine have to aid diffusion of digested food into the blood?

A

Villi

91
Q

What are three main properties of the villi that maximise diffusion?

A

Large surface area, incredibly thin walls, good blood supply

92
Q

What do leaves have to allow carbon dioxide, water vapour and oxygen to diffuse in and out?

A

Holes on the underneath called stomata

93
Q

What are the stomata controlled by and why?

A

Guard cells, to prevent water being lost quicker than it is being replaced

94
Q

What do fish have that allow carbon dioxide and water to diffuse in and out of their bloodstreams?

A

Gills

95
Q

What do gills have that create a large surface area?

A

Gill filaments and lamellae

Biology GCSE AQA (5 decks)

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