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Anatomy > B1W1: Back, Vertebral Column, Spinal Cord > Flashcards

B1W1: Back, Vertebral Column, Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of vertebral column

A

Contains and protects spinal cord

Supports skull/limbs

Transmits weight to lower limbs through pelvis

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2
Q

Number of vertebrae–at birth and adult

A

Birth: 33, but the 5 sacral and 4 coccygeal fuse in adult

Now: 26 – 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx

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3
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Pads of fibrocartilage between the vertebrae that act as shock absorbers

Inner nucleus pulposus and outer anulus fibrosus

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4
Q

Vertebral foramina

A

Tunnel for spinal cord

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5
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

formed between vertebrae, allow passage of spinal nerves

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6
Q

Atlas and axis

A

Part of cervical vertebrae; C1 and C2

Atlas: no body or spinous process, but paired lateral masses that hold weight of head

Axis: strongest of cervical vertebrae, dens

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7
Q

Primary curvatures

A

Thoracic and sacral
Develop during fetal period
Concave anteriorly

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8
Q

Secondary curvatures

A

Cervical and lumbar
Convex anteriorly
Develop as child holds head up (cervical) and walks (lumbar)

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9
Q

Kyphosis

A

(hunchback)
abnormal increase in posterior curvature of the spine

Caused by reabsorption of the anterior parts of the thoracic vertebral bodies from osteoporosis

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10
Q

Lordosis

A

Abnormal increase in anterior curvature of spine

Caused by weakening of anterior abdominal wall muscle due to weight gain, or pregnancy

Causes lower back pain

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11
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnromal lateral curvature

Caused by: an absent half of a vertebra, wedge shaped vertebra, or asymmetric weakness in back musculature

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12
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A
  • -Transverse foramen for vertebral arteries
  • -articular facets horizontal so vertebrae stack and glide on top of each other
  • -bifid spinous process
  • -small body
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13
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A
  • -Smaller vertebral foramen, larger body
  • near vertical articular facets
  • -costal facets allow articulation w/ ribs
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14
Q

Lumbar

A
  • -massive bodies, short processes
  • -receive bulk of force
  • -superior articular facets grab onto inferior articular facets for support
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15
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

On anterior surface vertebral body, resists hyperextension and secures intervertebral disks (occurs in whiplash)

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16
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

On posterior surface vertebral body, resists hyperflexion and herniation of disks

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17
Q

Ligamentum flavum

A

Yellow, connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae

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18
Q

Interspinous ligament

A

Between spines, connects them

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19
Q

Supraspinous ligaments

A

Attach tips of adjacent vertebral spines

On top of spines

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20
Q

Intervertebral joint (symphysis)

A

Cartilage disks between 2 vertebrae, designed for weight bearing (2ndary cartilaginous joints)

Connected by IV disks and ligaments

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21
Q

Zygopophyscal facet/joint

A

Where superior articular process of one vertebrae articulates with inferior articular process of another; determines movements, keeps vertebrae aligned

–flexion, extension, lateral flexion (right or left), rotation allowed

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22
Q

Arteries of spinal cord

A

Vertebral arteries form one anterior spinal artery and two posterior spinal arteries

Reinforced by radialer arteries from posterior intercostal arteries

T12=great radicular artery, supplies lumbosacral spinal cord

23
Q

Veins

A

Valveless, blood goes either way, how cancer spreads to head

–internal epidural plexus within vertebral canal, external venous plexuses outside it

–can flow thru foramen magnum to venous sinuses in head

24
Q

Herniation of intervertebral disks

A

L4-L5 or L5-S1, disk pop out due to degeneration, too much weight, etc.; COMPRESSES NERVE BELOW

  • -annulus fibrosus ruptures, nucleus herniates
  • -usually posto-lateral; pushes nerve beneath own vertebrae when pops out, lateral to posterior longitudinal ligament
25
Ways disease spreads thru spinal cord:
thru intervertebral foramina thru vertebral venous plexus
26
Spinal cord ischemia
blood supply from arteries to spinal cord fails
27
Spondylolysis
Vertebrae starting to fracture, loosens attachment (dog wearing collar)
28
Spondylolisthesis
Complete fracture of vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae moves forward (dog looks decapitated)
29
Spondylitis
Vertebrae inflamed, stiffen
30
Spina bifida
Vertebrae fails to fuse Oculata: fails to form at lumbar/sacral region, asymptomatic Cystica: cyst through vertebral arch, neurological issues - -w/ menginocele: protrustion of cyst through spinal cord via defect of spinal column - -w/menginomyocyte: protrustion of cyst through vertebral column, displacing cord
31
C1
Atlas: no body/spinous process, but lateral masses that bear weight of head
32
C2
axis: strongest, has dens (odontal process)
33
C7
no bifid spinous process
34
Conus medullaris
Where spinal cord ends at L1/L2
35
Filum terminale
Pia mater extension from conus to coccyx
36
Cauda equina
Spinal nerves in lumnar/sacral region after spinal cord ends
37
Membranes in spinal cord, superficial to deep
1. dura mater: dense fibrous tissue, ends on filum terminale 2. arachonoid mater: delicate, internal membrane that ends at filum terminale but continues w/ spinal roots 3. subarachnoid space 4. pia mater: forms denarticule ligament between nerve roots
38
Spinous process
Posterior of vertebral column | serves as attachment point for muscles/ligaments
39
Intervertebral foramen
Formed when the superior articular notch and inferior articular notch/facet combine; form areas for nerves to come out of NOT same thing as vertebral foramen!
40
Transverse process
Muscles and ligaments attach | Stick out from sides, attach to muscles; more stout in lumbar area because larger muscles
41
Costal facets
Only on the transverse facets of thoracic vertebrae, to connect to the ribs
42
Foramen transversarium
Only in cervical vertebrae; allows for passage of vertebral arteries and veins
43
What happens with compression of IV disks?
Due to compression, disk thins out Intervertebral foramen becomes narrower Disk will herniate post laterally
44
Differences between the 3 diff. types of vertebrae
Cervical: have foramen transverserium (vertebral artery, vein, sympathetic plexus) Thoracic: two costal facets on each side--for attachment of ribs Lumbar: massive bodies, short spinous processes
45
General vasculature of back
Vertebral column: supplied by spinal arteries that take origin from many arteries External and internal vertebral plexuses; since they go through the foramen magnum, can communicate with venous sinuses and brain and cause infection
46
Anterior spinal artery
Arises from vertebral arteries and unites to form single artery which travels midline of spinal cord and supplies anterior 2/3 of cord
47
Posterior spinal artery
From vertebral arteries | Travel posterior to the dorsal horn of spinal cord and goes posterior to remaining 1/3
48
Pairs of spinal cord nerves
``` 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ``` Ends at conus medullaris (L1/2)
49
NERVES RELATED TO SPINAL CORD
``` Nerve C1 above vertebrae 1 Nerve C2 above vertebrae 2 Nerve C8 above T1 vertebrae Nerve T1 BELOW T1 vertebrae Nerve T2 BELOW T2 vertebrae ```
50
Spinal tap region
L4/L5
51
What does the dura mater form?
spinal dural sac, a long tubular sheath within the vertebral canal sac adheres to margin of foramen magnum
52
Pia mater extension
filum terminale interna | at end of dural sac, joins to make filum terminale externa that anchors spinal cord and meningees to the coccyx
53
Triangle of ausculation
Where sounds heard on sethoscope | latissimus dorsi, trapezius, medial border of scapula
54
Lumbar puncture
Using illiac crest as guide, needle put through vertebral column above or below L4 spine Passes thru: skin, fascia, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavium, fatty tissue and internal vertebral plexus, dura mater, arachonid matter

Anatomy (8 decks)

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