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Anatomy > B1W1: Back, Vertebral Column, Spinal Cord > Flashcards

B1W1: Back, Vertebral Column, Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of vertebral column

A

Contains and protects spinal cord

Supports skull/limbs

Transmits weight to lower limbs through pelvis

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2
Q

Number of vertebrae–at birth and adult

A

Birth: 33, but the 5 sacral and 4 coccygeal fuse in adult

Now: 26 – 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx

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3
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Pads of fibrocartilage between the vertebrae that act as shock absorbers

Inner nucleus pulposus and outer anulus fibrosus

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4
Q

Vertebral foramina

A

Tunnel for spinal cord

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5
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

formed between vertebrae, allow passage of spinal nerves

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6
Q

Atlas and axis

A

Part of cervical vertebrae; C1 and C2

Atlas: no body or spinous process, but paired lateral masses that hold weight of head

Axis: strongest of cervical vertebrae, dens

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7
Q

Primary curvatures

A

Thoracic and sacral
Develop during fetal period
Concave anteriorly

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8
Q

Secondary curvatures

A

Cervical and lumbar
Convex anteriorly
Develop as child holds head up (cervical) and walks (lumbar)

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9
Q

Kyphosis

A

(hunchback)
abnormal increase in posterior curvature of the spine

Caused by reabsorption of the anterior parts of the thoracic vertebral bodies from osteoporosis

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10
Q

Lordosis

A

Abnormal increase in anterior curvature of spine

Caused by weakening of anterior abdominal wall muscle due to weight gain, or pregnancy

Causes lower back pain

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11
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnromal lateral curvature

Caused by: an absent half of a vertebra, wedge shaped vertebra, or asymmetric weakness in back musculature

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12
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A
  • -Transverse foramen for vertebral arteries
  • -articular facets horizontal so vertebrae stack and glide on top of each other
  • -bifid spinous process
  • -small body
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13
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A
  • -Smaller vertebral foramen, larger body
  • near vertical articular facets
  • -costal facets allow articulation w/ ribs
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14
Q

Lumbar

A
  • -massive bodies, short processes
  • -receive bulk of force
  • -superior articular facets grab onto inferior articular facets for support
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15
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

On anterior surface vertebral body, resists hyperextension and secures intervertebral disks (occurs in whiplash)

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16
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

On posterior surface vertebral body, resists hyperflexion and herniation of disks

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17
Q

Ligamentum flavum

A

Yellow, connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae

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18
Q

Interspinous ligament

A

Between spines, connects them

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19
Q

Supraspinous ligaments

A

Attach tips of adjacent vertebral spines

On top of spines

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20
Q

Intervertebral joint (symphysis)

A

Cartilage disks between 2 vertebrae, designed for weight bearing (2ndary cartilaginous joints)

Connected by IV disks and ligaments

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21
Q

Zygopophyscal facet/joint

A

Where superior articular process of one vertebrae articulates with inferior articular process of another; determines movements, keeps vertebrae aligned

–flexion, extension, lateral flexion (right or left), rotation allowed

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22
Q

Arteries of spinal cord

A

Vertebral arteries form one anterior spinal artery and two posterior spinal arteries

Reinforced by radialer arteries from posterior intercostal arteries

T12=great radicular artery, supplies lumbosacral spinal cord

23
Q

Veins

A

Valveless, blood goes either way, how cancer spreads to head

–internal epidural plexus within vertebral canal, external venous plexuses outside it

–can flow thru foramen magnum to venous sinuses in head

24
Q

Herniation of intervertebral disks

A

L4-L5 or L5-S1, disk pop out due to degeneration, too much weight, etc.; COMPRESSES NERVE BELOW

  • -annulus fibrosus ruptures, nucleus herniates
  • -usually posto-lateral; pushes nerve beneath own vertebrae when pops out, lateral to posterior longitudinal ligament
25
Q

Ways disease spreads thru spinal cord:

A

thru intervertebral foramina

thru vertebral venous plexus

26
Q

Spinal cord ischemia

A

blood supply from arteries to spinal cord fails

27
Q

Spondylolysis

A

Vertebrae starting to fracture, loosens attachment (dog wearing collar)

28
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Complete fracture of vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae moves forward (dog looks decapitated)

29
Q

Spondylitis

A

Vertebrae inflamed, stiffen

30
Q

Spina bifida

A

Vertebrae fails to fuse

Oculata: fails to form at lumbar/sacral region, asymptomatic

Cystica: cyst through vertebral arch, neurological issues

  • -w/ menginocele: protrustion of cyst through spinal cord via defect of spinal column
  • -w/menginomyocyte: protrustion of cyst through vertebral column, displacing cord
31
Q

C1

A

Atlas: no body/spinous process, but lateral masses that bear weight of head

32
Q

C2

A

axis: strongest, has dens (odontal process)

33
Q

C7

A

no bifid spinous process

34
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Where spinal cord ends at L1/L2

35
Q

Filum terminale

A

Pia mater extension from conus to coccyx

36
Q

Cauda equina

A

Spinal nerves in lumnar/sacral region after spinal cord ends

37
Q

Membranes in spinal cord, superficial to deep

A
  1. dura mater: dense fibrous tissue, ends on filum terminale
  2. arachonoid mater: delicate, internal membrane that ends at filum terminale but continues w/ spinal roots
  3. subarachnoid space
  4. pia mater: forms denarticule ligament between nerve roots
38
Q

Spinous process

A

Posterior of vertebral column

serves as attachment point for muscles/ligaments

39
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

Formed when the superior articular notch and inferior articular notch/facet combine; form areas for nerves to come out of

NOT same thing as vertebral foramen!

40
Q

Transverse process

A

Muscles and ligaments attach

Stick out from sides, attach to muscles; more stout in lumbar area because larger muscles

41
Q

Costal facets

A

Only on the transverse facets of thoracic vertebrae, to connect to the ribs

42
Q

Foramen transversarium

A

Only in cervical vertebrae; allows for passage of vertebral arteries and veins

43
Q

What happens with compression of IV disks?

A

Due to compression, disk thins out
Intervertebral foramen becomes narrower
Disk will herniate post laterally

44
Q

Differences between the 3 diff. types of vertebrae

A

Cervical: have foramen transverserium (vertebral artery, vein, sympathetic plexus)

Thoracic: two costal facets on each side–for attachment of ribs

Lumbar: massive bodies, short spinous processes

45
Q

General vasculature of back

A

Vertebral column: supplied by spinal arteries that take origin from many arteries

External and internal vertebral plexuses; since they go through the foramen magnum, can communicate with venous sinuses and brain and cause infection

46
Q

Anterior spinal artery

A

Arises from vertebral arteries and unites to form single artery which travels midline of spinal cord and supplies anterior 2/3 of cord

47
Q

Posterior spinal artery

A

From vertebral arteries

Travel posterior to the dorsal horn of spinal cord and goes posterior to remaining 1/3

48
Q

Pairs of spinal cord nerves

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

Ends at conus medullaris (L1/2)

49
Q

NERVES RELATED TO SPINAL CORD

A 
Nerve C1 above vertebrae 1
Nerve C2 above vertebrae 2
Nerve C8 above T1 vertebrae
Nerve T1 BELOW T1 vertebrae
Nerve T2 BELOW T2 vertebrae
50
Q

Spinal tap region

A

L4/L5

51
Q

What does the dura mater form?

A

spinal dural sac, a long tubular sheath within the vertebral canal

sac adheres to margin of foramen magnum

52
Q

Pia mater extension

A

filum terminale interna

at end of dural sac, joins to make filum terminale externa that anchors spinal cord and meningees to the coccyx

53
Q

Triangle of ausculation

A

Where sounds heard on sethoscope

latissimus dorsi, trapezius, medial border of scapula

54
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

Using illiac crest as guide, needle put through vertebral column above or below L4 spine

Passes thru: skin, fascia, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavium, fatty tissue and internal vertebral plexus, dura mater, arachonid matter

Anatomy (8 decks)

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