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CC-2224 Biology Paper 2 Topics > B18(Biodiversity And Ecosystems) > Flashcards

B18(Biodiversity And Ecosystems) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biodiversity

A

Biodiversity is the variety of different species of organisms on Earth, or within an ecosystem

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2
Q

Different species depend on each other for…

A

Food
Shelter (eg. birds nesting in trees)
Maintenance of the physical environment

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3
Q

What are the human activities reducing biodiversity

A

Producing waste
Deforestation
Global warming

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4
Q

What are the sources of water pollution

A
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5
Q

What is bioaccumulation

A

The increase in concentration of a toxic chemical in a particular organism over time

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6
Q

What is biomagnification

A

The increase in concentration of a toxic chemical the higher the organism is in the food chain

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7
Q

What is the process of eutrophication

A

-excessive nutrients from fertilisers run off from land into water
-aquatic plants flourish growing rapidly
-algae also show rapid growth
-algae bloom prevents sunlight from reaching aquatic plants causing water oxygen levels to fall
-aerobic respiration of decomposers reduces dissolved oxygen further
-death of organisms requiring dissolved oxygen in water

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8
Q

What are the sources of land pollution

A
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9
Q

What are the sources of air pollution

A
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10
Q

What is the increasing human land use

A
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11
Q

What are peat bogs

A

Bogs are areas of land that are waterlogged and acidic – plants living in bogs do not decay fully when they die due to a lack of oxygen

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12
Q

Why are peat bogs being destroyed

A

Peat bogs are drained so that the area can be used for farming
Peat can be dried and used as a fuel
Peat can be used to produce compost for gardens or farms to increase food production

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13
Q

What are the negative impacts of peat bogs being destroyed

A

-Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere
-peat bogs take so long to form that peat is effectively a non-renewable energy source
-reduces biodiversity

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14
Q

What are the consequences of deforestation

A
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15
Q

What are the main greenhouse gases

A

Water vapour
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxides
CFCs

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16
Q

How does the greenhouse effect work

A

The Sun emits rays that enter the Earth’s atmosphere
The heat bounces back from the Earth’s surface
Some heat is reflected back out into space
Some heat is absorbed by greenhouse gases and is trapped within the Earth’s atmosphere – this is normal

17
Q

What are the consequences of global warming

A

-Ocean temperatures increasing
-Increasing temperatures
-Changes in or loss of habitats
-Decreases in biodiversity
-Increases in migration of species to new places

18
Q

What are the Methods to reduce negative impact on ecosystems & protect biodiversity

A
19
Q

What are trophic levels

A

Trophic levels describe the position of an organism in a food chain, web or pyramid

20
Q

What are the different trophic levels

A
21
Q

What is biomass

A

Biomass is the mass of living tissues that a plant or animal is made up of

22
Q

What are pyramids of biomass

A

shows the relative biomass at each trophic level in a food chain

23
Q

How is biomass transferred

A

-Energy flows from the Sun to the first trophic level (producers) in the form of light
-Producers convert light energy into chemical energy
-When primary consumers consume producers, they break down the biomass of the producer and use the chemical energy to increase their own biomass
-When secondary consumers consume primary consumers they break down the biomass of the primary consumer and use the chemical energy to increase their own biomass

24
Q

How much biomass is passed on to the next trophic level

A

10%

25
Q

What are the losses of biomass due to

A

-Organisms rarely eat every part of the organism they are consuming
-Not all the ingested material is digested and absorbed
-Some absorbed material is lost as waste

26
Q

What is the equation to calculate the efficiency of biomass transfer

A
27
Q

What is food security

A

having enough food to feed a population

28
Q

What are the Biological factors threatening food security

A
29
Q

How can The efficiency of food production be improved

A

-limiting their movement
-controlling the temperature of their surroundings

30
Q

What are the Advantages & disadvantages of modern farming techniques

A
31
Q

What is the cause for the decline of fish stocks

A

Overfishing

32
Q

What are the consequences of overfishing

A

-Some species of fish completely disappearing in certain areas
-Ocean food chains being disrupted
-Fewer fish for human consumption

33
Q

How to maintain fish stocks

A

-Sustainable fisheries
-Control of net size
-Increasing the size of gaps
-fishing quotas

34
Q

What is biotechnology

A

involves the alteration and use of living organisms to produce products for human use

35
Q

What is mycoprotein

A

the process of creating food from a fungus

36
Q

How is mycoprotein produced

A

-These fermenters are large vats that can be kept at the optimum pH and temperature for Fusarium to grow
-The fungus is grown in aerobic conditions and provided with glucose syrup as a food source
-The fungus grows and multiplies within the fermenter
The fungal biomass is then harvested and purified to produce mycoprotein

37
Q

What are modern biotechnology techniques

A

-genetic modification
-insulin production
-GM crops

38
Q
A
39
Q
A

CC-2224 Biology Paper 2 Topics (10 decks)

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