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CC-2224 Biology Paper 2 Topics > B11(Hormonal Coordination) > Flashcards

B11(Hormonal Coordination) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

-Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the blood stream
-the blood carries the hormone to a target organ where it produces an effect

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2
Q

Compared to the nervous system …

A

The effects of hormones are often slower but longer lasting

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3
Q

The pituitary gland is …

A

-The master the gland
-secretes several hormones into the blood in response to body conditions

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4
Q

Key endocrine glands are …

A

-the pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
-pancreas
-adrenal glands
-ovaries and testes

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5
Q

What does the pituitary gland do

A

-controls growth in children
-stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroxine to control the rate of metabolism
-in women, stimulates the ovaries to produce and release eggs and make the female sex hormone oestrogen
-in men, stimulates the testes to make sperm and the male sex hormone testosterone

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6
Q

What does the thyroid gland do

A

Controls the metabolic rate of the body

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7
Q

What do the pancreas do

A

Controls the levels of glucose in the blood

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8
Q

What do the adrenal glands do

A

-Prepares the body for stressful situations
-“flight or fight response”

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9
Q

What do the ovaries do

A

Controls the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the menstrual cycle

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10
Q

What do the testes do

A

Controls the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics and is involved in the production of sperm

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11
Q

Your blood Glucose concentration is …

A

Monitored and controlled by your pancreas

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12
Q

The pancreas produces …

A

The hormone insulin, which allows glucose from the blood into the cells and to be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles

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13
Q

The pancreas also produces…

A

Glucagon which allows glycogen to be converted back into glucose and release into the blood

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14
Q

How does The pancreas control glucose levels

A
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15
Q

What happens when the blood glucose levels are too high

A

-the pancreas secretes insulin
-insulin binds to the insulin receptors on cells
-the glucose channels are open and glucose leaves the blood and enters the cell
-the glucose is used by the mitochondria for respiration, this decreases blood glucose levels

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16
Q

What happens when the blood glucose levels are too low

A

-pancreas secretes glucagon
-stored glucose in the body is converted into glycogen as it is insoluble
-glucagon converts glycogen back into glucose
-causing glucose to be released in the blood
-which causes blood glucose levels to stabilise

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17
Q

How is type 1 diabetes caused

A

-if your pancreas does not make enough or any insulin
-your blood glucose concentration is not controlled

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18
Q

How is type 2 diabetes caused

A

-the pancreas still makes insulin but your body cells stop responding properly to the insulin you make
-type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and lack of exercise

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19
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated

A

-regular blood glucose tests
-injecting insulin to replace the hormone

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20
Q

How is type 2 diabetes treated

A

-a carbohydrate controlled diet
-taking more exercise
-losing weight
-taking drugs that help:
insulin work better on the body cells
Help your pancreas make more insulin
Reduce the amount of glucose you absorb from your gut

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21
Q

What is a negative feedback system

A

A system that maintains a steady state

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22
Q

Thyroxine is controlled by a negative feedback loop which is …

A

-if thyroxine levels rise, TSH levels fall, so thyroxine levels return to normal
-if thyroxine levels fall, TsH levels rise, so thyroxine levels return to normal

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23
Q

Adrenaline is produced…

A

In the adrenal glands

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24
Q

What does adrenaline cause

A

-Increased heart and breathing rate
-Stored glycogen in the liver to be converted to glucose for respiration
-The pupils dilate to let more light in
-Your mental awareness increases
-Blood to be diverted away from your digestive system to be the muscles of the limbs

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25
Q

The main female reproductive system hormone is ..

A

oestrogen produced by the ovaries

26
Q

The main male reproductive hormone is …

A

testosterone produced by the testes

27
Q

What does FSH do in the menstrual cycle

A

-secreted by the pituitary gland
-makes the egg follicles mature in the ovaries
-stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen

28
Q

What does oestrogen do in the menstrual cycle

A

-secreted by the ovaries
-stimulates the lining of the uterus to grow again after menstruation
-high levels of oestrogen inhibit FSH and stimulate the release of LH

29
Q

What does LH do in the menstrual cycle

A

-secreted from the pituitary gland
-stimulates the release of a mature egg from the ovary
-once ovulation has taken place, LH levels fall again

30
Q

What does progesterone do in the menstrual cycle

A

-secreted by the empty egg follicle in the ovary after ovulation
-if the egg is fertilised it helps maintain a pregnancy
-inhibits FSH and LH
-maintains the lining of the uterus in the 2nd half of the cycle

31
Q

What are the contraceptive methods

A

-oral contraceptives
-hormonal injections
-implants and patches
-condoms
-diaphragms
-spermicidal agents
-abstinence
-surgical sterilisation

32
Q

FSH and LH can be used as..

A

A fertility drug to stimulate ovulation in women with low FSH levels

33
Q

IVF uses ..

A

-FSH and LH to stimulate maturation of eggs that are collected, fertilised, allowed to start development and replace the uterus

34
Q

Phototropism is …

A

-The response of a plant to light

35
Q

Gravitropism is …

A

The response of a plant to gravity

36
Q

Hydrotropism is …

A

The response of a plant to water

37
Q

What are Auxins

A

-stimulates growth and cell division in shoots
-inhibits growth and cell division in roots

38
Q

If lit evenly auxins are..

A

-evenly distributed in the shoot and the plant grows straight

39
Q

If lit from one side auxins…

A

-gathers on the dark side so this side grows more and the shoot bends towards the light

40
Q

How do auxins respond in phototropism

A

-Auxins move to the shaded region
-Auxins cause cell elongation
-shoot now bends towards light
-because cells in shaded region elongate quicker then non-shaded region
-so bends towards light

41
Q

How do auxins respond in gravitropism

A

-If a shoot or root is placed on its side, auxins will accumulate along the lower side as a result of gravity; so the uppermost side has a lower auxin concentration
-In the roots, the lower side grows slower than the upper side (as auxin inhibits cell elongation and growth in the roots), so the root grows downwards

42
Q

What are gibberellins

A

plant hormones that initiate seed germination

43
Q

What does Ethene gas do in plants

A

-it is a plant hormone that controls cell division and ripens fruit

44
Q

Auxins are used as …

A

Weed killers, rooting powders and in tissue culture

45
Q

Ethene is used …

A

To control fruit ripening

46
Q

Gibberellins can be used to …

A

-increase fruit size
-end seed dormancy
-promote flowering in the malting process
-increase the yield of sugar cane

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51
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52
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53
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54
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55
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56
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57
Q

How are the water levels controlled in the body If the water content of the blood is too high

A

the pituitary gland releases less ADH which leads to less water being reabsorbed in the tubules of the kidney (the tubules become less permeable to water)

58
Q

How are water levels controlled in the body If the water content of the blood is too low

A

the pituitary gland releases more ADH which leads to more water being reabsorbed in the tubules of the kidney (the tubules become more permeable to water)

59
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A
60
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CC-2224 Biology Paper 2 Topics (10 decks)

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