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CC-2224 Biology Paper 2 Topics > B13(Reproduction) > Flashcards

B13(Reproduction) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

-There is no fusion of gametes and only parent
-there is no mixing of of genetic information, leading to genetically identical offspring

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2
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

-Involves the fusion of male and female gametes formed by meiosis
-there is a mixing of genetic information that leads to variation in the offspring

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3
Q

What is mitosis

A

Cell division resulting in 2 identical cells with exact copies of all the chromosomes

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4
Q

What is meiosis

A

A special form of cell division resulting in 4 differing sex cells being formed

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5
Q

What is fertilisation

A

When 2 sex cells join and dna forms a single nucleus

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6
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Quicker, many identical offspring, lower risk, no need to find mate,lower energy requirement

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7
Q

What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

No variation

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8
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction

A

-More variation in offspring
-this variation gives a survival advantage if environment changes

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9
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

-much more risky
-relies on 2 cells fusing
-time and energy is used to find a mate
-greater energy requirement

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10
Q

What is a haploid

A

Cells containing one version of each chromosome

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11
Q

What is a diploid

A

Cells containing pairs of chromosomes

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12
Q

What is a zygote

A

When gametes fuse

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13
Q

What is DNA

A

-The genetic material in the nucleus of a cell
-2 long strands wound together in a double helix

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14
Q

What are base pairs

A

-Pairs of bases held together by hydrogen bonds
-3 pairs gives the code for an amino acid

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15
Q

What are the 4 bases

A

A
T
C
G

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16
Q

What are the pairs of the bases

A

A and T
C and G

17
Q

What is a gene

A

-A specific section of DNA on a chromosome
-code for a specific sequence of amino acids

18
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Long chains of DNA that contain thousands of genes joined together

19
Q

What are nucleotides made from

A

-phosphate group
-ribose sugar
-nitrogenous base

20
Q

What is the process to make proteins

A

-DNA in the nucleus is used to produce a template
-The template leaves the nucleus and binds to a ribosome
-carrier molecules bring specific amino acids and attach themselves to the template
-The amino acids join together to make a protein
-Repeats step 3 and 4 until the entire protein chain is assembled
-protein detaches and the carrier molecules collect more amino acids
-protein then folds up to its specific shape

21
Q

What are mutations

A

changes in the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA

22
Q

What is an Allele

A

Different versions of the same gene

23
Q

What does heterozygous mean

A

-The 2 alleles are different
-for example a person can have a blue eye allele and one brown eye allele

24
Q

What does homozygous mean

A

-The 2 alleles are the same
-for example a person can have 2 blue eye alleles

25
Q

What is a genotype

A

Tells us which alleles a person has for a particular gene
-for example a person has 2 copies of the blue eyes allele so has a genotype of bb(blue)

26
Q

What is a phenotype

A

The characteristic that is caused by a particular genotype

27
Q

What is a dominant allele

A

-always expressed in the phenotype even if only one copy is present

28
Q

What is a recessive allele

A

-only expressed if 2 copies are present

29
Q

How is sex inherited

A

23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 control body characteristics but only one pair carries the gene that determines sex

30
Q

What are the sex chromosomes in females

A

XX

31
Q

What are the sex chromosomes in males

A

XY

32
Q

What is chorionic villus sampling

A

-carried out on embryonic cells between10-12 weeks
-by taking a small sample of tissue from the developing placenta

33
Q

What is Amniocentesis

A

-carried out on the foetus between 15-16 weeks
-involves taking fluid from around the foetus
-this fluid contains cells used for screening

34
Q
A
35
Q
A

CC-2224 Biology Paper 2 Topics (10 decks)

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