B1.7 Genetic variation Flashcards
What is classification?
Naming living organisms
What is naming an organism based on?
Its DNA
Who started classification?
What did they do?
Carl Linneas
Giving plants two names (binomial)
What is the first name of a plant named after?
What is the second name of a plant names after?
1st = genus (group) 2nd = species
Name the amounts of organisms starting with the biggest
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What is a species?
A group of similar organisms that are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring
What is a hybrid?
The result of a cross breed some are fertile some are not
What does a cell have?
A nucleus which contains chromosomes
What do genes contain?
All the information and things inherited from the parents
What is a double helix?
The structure of the DNA
What are chromosomes made up of?
A sequence of genes and humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
What does the nucleus do?
Controls the cell
What does variation do?
Describes how people are different from each other
What is inherited, both and environmental?
Inherited
- natural hair colour
- gender
- natural eye colour
- natural skin colour
Both
- height
- body mass
- medical history
- skin colour
- IQ
Environmental
- dying hair colour
- contact lenses (eye colour)
- language
- phobias
Name the male reproductive system and what it is used for (7)
- Bladder = where urine is stored
- Glands = sperm is made
- Sperm duct = where fluids travel
- Penis = goes into the women
- Urethra = where urine comes out
- Scrotum = where the testicles are held
- Testicle = where the sperm is made
Name the female reproductive system and what it is used for (6)
- Oviduct = The egg travels along
- Ovary = egg cells are made and released
- Uterus lining = protects the foetus
- Cervix = muscle that holds the foetus in place
- Uterus = where the foetus is held
What does asexual mean?
A plant, animal, bacteria or fungi clones itself
the offspring has inherited everything from its one parent
What does sexual reproduction mean?
Female and male sex cells (gametes) join together (fertilisation) the offspring inherits certain genes from each parent (variation)
Describe the process of cloning
1) Black Scottish sheep (egg donor)
2) Mature ovum
3) empty ovum
4) electro-fusion ——————–
3) Removed nucleus
2) Adult udder cell
1) White dorset sheep parent
——————-Black Scottish surrogate mother
clone lamb
Describe the process of embryo transplant cloning
1) Early embryo is divided into 4
2) The split embryos are put into a different surrogate
3) identical cloned offspring are born identical to first carrier
What are disadvantages and neutral factors of embryo transplant cloning
Disadvantages
- Health of humans and/ or animals involved
- Public understanding of the technique involved
Both
- Extinct animals can be reintroduced using cloning techniques
What does GE and GM stand for?
GE = genetic engineering GM = genetic modified (result from genetic engineering)
What facts about genetically modified bananas are there? (3)
- Resistant to pests
- Contain more zinc
- Important mineral which an be lacking in a diet which contains little meat such as African countries
What are the advantages of using genetically modified fruits and vegetables? (2)
- Resistant to pests so fewer chemicals are used
- Tomatoes have a longer shelf life as ripening is delayed gives the more flavour
