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Biology > B1.2 > Flashcards

B1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells that detect stimuli called?

A

Receptors

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2
Q

What are the cells in an eye sensitive to?

A

Light

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3
Q

What are the cells in your ear sensitive to?

A

Change in position

Sound

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4
Q

What do the nerve cells (neurones) connect to?

A

They connect the central nervous system (spinal cord and brain) to receptors and effectors.

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5
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

Reflex actions are automatic responses that are very fast and do not involve conscious thought.

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6
Q

What is the first stage in a reflex action?

A

A receptor cell responds to a stimulus by producing an electrical impulse.

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7
Q

What is the second stage in a reflex action?

A

The impulse passes from he receptor along a sensory neurone to the central nervous system.

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8
Q

What is the third stage in a reflex action?

A

The impulse passes from the sensory neurone to a relay neurone in the central nervous system.

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9
Q

What is the forth stage in a reflex action?

A

The impulse passes from the relay neurone to a motor neurone.

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10
Q

What is the final stage of a reflex action?

A

The impulse passes along the motor neurone to the effector.

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11
Q

What is an effector?

A

Effectors are:
• muscles that respond by contracting
• glands that respond by secreting (releasing) chemicals, e.g hormones.

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12
Q

Where is water lost from in the body?

A
  • lungs when we breathe out
  • skin in sweat, to cool is down
  • kidneys in urine
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13
Q

Where are ions lost from in the body?

A
  • skin in sweat

* kidneys in urine

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14
Q

What are many of the processes in the body controlled by?

A

Hormones

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15
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

In the blood, after being secreted by a gland.

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16
Q

What do hormones cause, in regards to the menstrual cycle?

A

Maturation (ripening) and release of eggs from the ovaries, and cause changes in the thickness of the womb lining.

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17
Q

How many hormone are involved in the menstrual cycle each month?

A

3

18
Q

What hormone causes the eggs in the ovaries to mature and also stimulates ovaries to hormones including oestrogen?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

19
Q

What does the Luteinising hormone (LH) do?

A

Causes an ovary to release an egg

20
Q

What inhibits (prevents) further production of FSH so no more eggs mature this month?

A

Oestrogen

21
Q

Where are FSH and LH secreted by?

A

The pituitary gland below the brain

22
Q

Where is oestrogen secreted by?

A

Ovaries

23
Q

What are oral contraceptives?

A

‘Birth control’ pills, as they help to prevent pregnancy.

24
Q

Oral contraceptives contain hormones that prevent FSH from being released. What does this mean?

A

No eggs mature, therefore no eggs are ready to be released from an ovary.

25
Q

What is fertility?

A

The ability to have children

26
Q

Contraceptive pills………….. Fertility

A

Reduce

27
Q

Fertility drugs can…………..fertility

A

Increase

28
Q

Fertility drugs contain LH and FSH. How can they help a woman who produces too little FSH?

A

Because it stimulates more eggs to nature and then to be release

29
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In vitro fertilisation

30
Q

What is IVF?

A

IVF is fertilisation outside of a woman’s body.

31
Q

Who is IVF offered to?

A

Couples who are having trouble conceiving a child

32
Q

What to plants respond to?

A

Changes in light, moisture and gravity

33
Q

What is growth in response to light called?

A

Phototropism

34
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

The growth in response to gravity

35
Q

What is the plant hormone that controls phototropism and gravitropism called?

A

Auxin

36
Q

What does auxin cause?

A
  • plant shoot cells to elongate more rapidly

* inhibits elongation in the plant root cells

37
Q

What can plant growth hormones be used in?

A
  • agriculture (growing crop plants in fields)

* horticulture (growing flowers, fruit and vegetable plants)

38
Q

What does killing weeds in crops reduce?

A

It reduces competition for water and nutrients in the soil.

39
Q

What happens is the stem of a plant cutting is dipped in rooting powder?

A

The stem develops roots more quickly

40
Q

What does the nervous system do in regards to receptors?

A

Detects the stimuli and coordinates response

Biology (4 decks)

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