B1.1 Keeping Healthy Flashcards
What is Metabolic rate?
The rate of chemical reactions in the cells.
What does sterile mean and how do we sterilise something?
Free of micro-organisms and heat it to 100 degrees C.
What are 6 of the body’s first lines of defence?
Nose hair Stomach acid Trachea Eyelashes and tears Scabs Skin
List the food groups.
Carbohydrates, protein, fats, dairy and fibre.
What do we need a small amount of?
Vitamins and minerals .
What are the main three food groups in our diets?
Carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
Why are proteins needed by our bodies?
For growth, repair and for building cells.
State two things that metabolic rate is affected by.
The proportion of muscle to fat in the body.
The amount of exercise we do.
How do you calculate BMI ( Body Mass Index) ?
Mass(kg)/ height cm2
What happens when plaque (hardened fat) builds up on the arteries?
It narrows the lumen, therefore blocking the circulations natural flow. Maybe causing heart disease.
Give a definition of metabolic rate.
The rate a chemical reaction happens in your cells.
What can change metabolic rate?
Age Gender Genetics The amount of exercise The proportion of muscle to fat in the body
How do you calculate BMI?
Mass(kg) divided by height(m)
What is a phagocyte?
A white blood cell that engulfs pathogens.
What is a lymphocyte?
A white blood cell that produces anti-bodies.
What is a antigen?
The protein on the surface of the pathogen.
What is a antibody?
It attaches itself to the antigens.
What sort of foods contain high levels of cholesterol?
Animal products
What is cholesterol used for?
Making cell membrane,
Making hormones.
How are tears a first line defence?
They contain lysozyme which has a high salt content which ‘dries up’ the micro-organisms.
What did Ignaz Semmelweis discover? And how did he prevent it?
He discovered that women were getting infected by doctors who were delivering their children causing deaths.
He made doctors wash their hands in chlorine water before examinations.
What is a pathogen?
A bacteria, virus or microorganism that can cause disease.
What do we call conditions without microbes?
Aseptic or sterile.
What do culture media usually contain?
Carbohydrates, mineral ions.
What equipment is used to transfer microorganisms onto culture media?
An inoculating loop (sterilised)
How do you prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating Petri dishes?
Seal the lid with tape.
Why would to heat an inoculating loop in a bunsen until it is red hot?
To sterilise it.
What does uncontaminated mean?
A culture that only grows the microorganisms you want.
what does malnourished mean?
they have an unbalanced diet.
what are three ways white blood cells protect the body from infection?
engulf and digest microbes
produce antibodies to kill the invading cells
produce antitoxins to neutralise any toxins they produce
why can’t an antibody recognise a wide range of microorganisms
each antibody is specific to each antigen
what 3 things does the MMR vaccine protect against
measles, mumps & rubella
what are two problems with vaccines
some people do not become immune
may have a bad reaction
what can antibiotics only kill?
bacteria
why aren’t colds treated with antibiotics
they are a virus
why is it more difficult to develop drugs to destroy viruses than it is to develop drugs to kill bacteria
viruses reproduce using your own body cells which means it’s difficult to kill the virus without killing the body’s cells
what is one type of bacterium that has developed resistance to antibiotics
MRSA
how can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
bacteria mutates and become resistant. when you try and treat the infection only non-resistant strains of bacteria will be killed. therefore the resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce.
how have humans increased the development of resistant strains
overusing antibiotics
why is it difficult to find an effective vaccine against diseases caused by pathogens that evolve quickly?
the microorganism may evolve and change the immune system so it won’t recognise it anymore and no longer prepared for infection
