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Biology B1 > B1.1 Keeping Healthy > Flashcards

B1.1 Keeping Healthy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Metabolic rate?

A

The rate of chemical reactions in the cells.

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2
Q

What does sterile mean and how do we sterilise something?

A

Free of micro-organisms and heat it to 100 degrees C.

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3
Q

What are 6 of the body’s first lines of defence?

A 
Nose hair
Stomach acid
Trachea
Eyelashes and tears 
Scabs
Skin
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4
Q

List the food groups.

A

Carbohydrates, protein, fats, dairy and fibre.

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5
Q

What do we need a small amount of?

A

Vitamins and minerals .

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6
Q

What are the main three food groups in our diets?

A

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

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7
Q

Why are proteins needed by our bodies?

A

For growth, repair and for building cells.

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8
Q

State two things that metabolic rate is affected by.

A

The proportion of muscle to fat in the body.

The amount of exercise we do.

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9
Q

How do you calculate BMI ( Body Mass Index) ?

A

Mass(kg)/ height cm2

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10
Q

What happens when plaque (hardened fat) builds up on the arteries?

A

It narrows the lumen, therefore blocking the circulations natural flow. Maybe causing heart disease.

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11
Q

Give a definition of metabolic rate.

A

The rate a chemical reaction happens in your cells.

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12
Q

What can change metabolic rate?

A 
Age
Gender
Genetics 
The amount of exercise 
The proportion of muscle to fat in the body
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13
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

Mass(kg) divided by height(m)

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14
Q

What is a phagocyte?

A

A white blood cell that engulfs pathogens.

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15
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

A white blood cell that produces anti-bodies.

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16
Q

What is a antigen?

A

The protein on the surface of the pathogen.

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17
Q

What is a antibody?

A

It attaches itself to the antigens.

18
Q

What sort of foods contain high levels of cholesterol?

A

Animal products

19
Q

What is cholesterol used for?

A

Making cell membrane,

Making hormones.

20
Q

How are tears a first line defence?

A

They contain lysozyme which has a high salt content which ‘dries up’ the micro-organisms.

21
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis discover? And how did he prevent it?

A

He discovered that women were getting infected by doctors who were delivering their children causing deaths.
He made doctors wash their hands in chlorine water before examinations.

22
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A bacteria, virus or microorganism that can cause disease.

23
Q

What do we call conditions without microbes?

A

Aseptic or sterile.

24
Q

What do culture media usually contain?

A

Carbohydrates, mineral ions.

25
Q

What equipment is used to transfer microorganisms onto culture media?

A

An inoculating loop (sterilised)

26
Q

How do you prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating Petri dishes?

A

Seal the lid with tape.

27
Q

Why would to heat an inoculating loop in a bunsen until it is red hot?

A

To sterilise it.

28
Q

What does uncontaminated mean?

A

A culture that only grows the microorganisms you want.

29
Q

what does malnourished mean?

A

they have an unbalanced diet.

30
Q

what are three ways white blood cells protect the body from infection?

A

engulf and digest microbes
produce antibodies to kill the invading cells
produce antitoxins to neutralise any toxins they produce

31
Q

why can’t an antibody recognise a wide range of microorganisms

A

each antibody is specific to each antigen

32
Q

what 3 things does the MMR vaccine protect against

A

measles, mumps & rubella

33
Q

what are two problems with vaccines

A

some people do not become immune

may have a bad reaction

34
Q

what can antibiotics only kill?

A

bacteria

35
Q

why aren’t colds treated with antibiotics

A

they are a virus

36
Q

why is it more difficult to develop drugs to destroy viruses than it is to develop drugs to kill bacteria

A

viruses reproduce using your own body cells which means it’s difficult to kill the virus without killing the body’s cells

37
Q

what is one type of bacterium that has developed resistance to antibiotics

A

MRSA

38
Q

how can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

A

bacteria mutates and become resistant. when you try and treat the infection only non-resistant strains of bacteria will be killed. therefore the resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce.

39
Q

how have humans increased the development of resistant strains

A

overusing antibiotics

40
Q

why is it difficult to find an effective vaccine against diseases caused by pathogens that evolve quickly?

A

the microorganism may evolve and change the immune system so it won’t recognise it anymore and no longer prepared for infection

Biology B1 (8 decks)

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