b1.1 - carbohydrates + lipids Flashcards
Macromolecules:
large molecules that are made up of smaller building blocks called monomers.
Monomers
Individual subunits that can be linked together to form polymers
properties of glucose
- 2 isomers (alpha and beta)
- Soluble molecule
Polar OH groups
Oxygen ring has partial (-) charge, C-H partial (+) charge - Stable molecule:
Cyclic structure
Stable covalent bonds - Glucose can be oxidised
- Easily transportable:
Soluble, h-bonding with the plasma component of the blood
Why are polysaccharides insoluble in water
- Large molecular size (difficult to break down, by hydrolysis)
- Hydrophobic interactions: water repelling regions (due to greater number of hydrogen bonding)
- Hydrogen bonding: internal h-bonds can create more stable, 3D structure
- Structural complexity: branching patterns in starch/ cellulose
Starch
Amylose:
- Linear, glucose monomers linked a-1,4-glycosidic bonds
300-3000 glucose units
- coiled
Amylopectin
- Branched
a-1,4-glycosidic bonds, and a-1,6-glycosidic bonds (branches)
- 80-85% of it in starch
Glycogen
Energy storage in animals
More branched than amylopectin!
Stored in liver and muscles
glucose in aq
- in equilibrium with ope-chain
- C1 rotates (alpha and beta are random)
- just referred to as “glucose”
glycoproteins + where they are found
a protein containing one or more attached carbohydrates (can attach to amino acid residues/ surface)
found in extracellular matrix, cell membranes and secreted proteins.
draw glucose and galactose
glycosidic bond
a covalent bond connecting a sugar molecule to another functional group (another sugar or a protein). formed by condensation rxns between OH and loss of water
what makes glucose soluble
- polar OH groups
- oxygen in the ring has partial (-) charge
- C-H groups have partial (+) charge
what makes glucose a stable molecule
- cyclic structure
- OH in the axial regions
glucose & oxidation
- glucose breaks down by losing electrons to oxygen
—> produces CO2 and H2O
role of glycoproteins (4)
- cell-cell recognition
- receptors
- ligands
- structural support
triglycerides (structure + properties)
- 3 fatty acids, one glycerol
- found in butter, lard, ghee
- synthesized by liver
name some lipids!
- triglycerides
- wax
- steroids
- phospholipids
Formation of triglycerides and phospholipids
- condensation rxn.
- water is released when a fatty acid joins the glycerol
- ester bond formed
