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Biology > B10 Reproduction > Flashcards

B10 Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction is the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from ONE parent.

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2
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

-Population can be increased rapidly when conditions are right.
-Can exploit suitable environments quickly.
-More time and energy efficient.
-Reproduction is completed much faster than sexual reproduction.

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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

-Limited genetic variation is population as the offspring are genetically identical to their parents.
-Population is vulnerable to changes in conditions and may only be suited for one habitat.
-Disease is likely to affect the whole population as there is no genetic variation.

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4
Q

What does asexual reproduction not involve?

A

Asexual reproduction does NOT involve sex cells or fertilisation.
There is no fusion of gametes and no mixing of genetic information as only ONE parent is required.

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5
Q

What are examples of asexual reproduction?

A

-Bacteria produce exact genetic copies of themselves in a type of asexual reproduction called binary fusion.
-Some plants develop underground food storage organs such as bulbs and tubers. Budding can occur form these that will develop into next years plants.
-Some plants grow side shoots called runners that contain tiny platelets on them. They will grow roots and develop into separate plants.

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6
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction is the process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes (sex cells) to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other.

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7
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation is the fusion of gamete nuclei. There is variation in the offspring as each gamete comes from a different parent.

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8
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A gamete is a sex cell (in animals: sperm and egg cells/ovum and in plants: pollen nucleus and egg cells/ovum)

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9
Q

What is the nuclei of gametes?

A

The nuclei of gametes are haploid. They contain half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell. In humans this is 23 chromosomes.

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10
Q

What is the nucleus of a zygote?

A

The nucleus of a zygote is diploid. It contains the same number of chromosomes as a normal body cells. In humans, this is 46 chromosomes.

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11
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A zygote is a fertilised egg cell.

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12
Q

In what can sexual reproduction take place?

A

-Animals
-Plants
-Fungi

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13
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

Haploid describes a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes. - 23 chromosomes in humans.

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14
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

-Increases genetic variation.
-This species can adapt to new environments due to variation, giving them a survival advantage.
-Disease is less likely to affect population due to the variation.

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

-Takes time and energy to find mates.
-Difficult for isolated members of the species to reproduce.
-Sexual reproduction takes very long.

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16
Q

How many chromosomes does a normal body cell contain in humans?

A

In humans, a normal body cell contains 46 chromosomes but each gamete contains 23 chromosomes.
Half the chromosomes from their mother and the other half from their father.

17
Q

Why will offspring look similar to their parents in sexual reproduction?

A

Because genetical material is inherited.

18
Q

Why will offspring look different to their parents in sexual reproduction?

A

Because there is a mixture of genetic information from two parents.

19
Q

How many chromosomes are in a normal body cell?

A

In a normal body cell, there are 46 chromosomes.

20
Q

How many chromosomes does a gamete contain?

A

A gamete (sex cell) contains 23 chromosomes.

21
Q

What sex chromosomes do females have?

A

Females have the sex chromosomes XX.

22
Q

What sex chromosomes do males have?

A

Males have the sex chromosomes XY.

23
Q

What happens before mitosis?

A

Exact duplication of chromosomes.

24
Q

What are the roles of mitosis?

A

Mitosis’ cell division is used for growth, repair of damaged tissues, replacement of cells and asexual reproduction.

25
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is nuclear division, giving rise to genetically identical cells.

26
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid, resulting in genetically different cells.

27
Q

What is meiosis involved in?

A

Meiosis is involved in chromosome production.
-The number of chromosomes must be halved when the gametes (sex cells) are formed
Otherwise there would be double the number of chromosomes after they join at fertilisation in the zygote (fertilized egg

Biology (16 decks)

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