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Post Miss Lee GCSE Biology > B10 Nervous System > Flashcards

B10 Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is your internal environment

A

The conditions inside your body that cannot change or your organs and reactions will not work ( enzymes don’t work or get denatured )

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2
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The process of keeping everything constant inside your body

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3
Q

What is controlled in homeostasis

A

Body temp
Water levels
Glucose levels/ concentration

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4
Q

What do all controlled systems in your body include

A

Stimulus: change in envrionment

receptor: which detect stimuli

coordination centre: (such as the brain, spinal cord and pancreas) that receive and process information from receptors

effector: muscles or glands, which bring about responses which restore optimum levels

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5
Q

What is the nervous system ( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

The nervous system controls all the actions that our body makes
It enables humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour

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6
Q

How does information travel to the CNS and what does the CNS do aith this ( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Information from receptors passes along cells (neurones) as electrical impulses to the central nervous system (CNS).
The CNS is the brain and spinal cord.
The CNS coordinates the response of effectors which may be muscles contracting or glands secreting hormones

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7
Q

What is a BASIC flow chart of how the nervous system coordinates responses( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Stimulus -> receptor -> coordinator ( CNS ) -> effector -> response

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8
Q

What is the sensory neurone( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

It is the nerve in the chain of response before the CNS. It is connected to the receptir and carries the message to the brain

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9
Q

What is the motor neurone( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

The nerve in the chain after the CNS. This carries the messages from the brain and is connected to the effector

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10
Q

What is a slightly more ADVANCED flow chart of how the body coordinaates responses( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neurone -> coordinator ( CNS ) -> motor neurone -> effector -> response

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11
Q

What are reflex actions( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Actions that are an automatic, message that doesn’t go to the brain. We do them without thinking, involuntarily
They stop you from being injured

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12
Q

What happens during a reflex action( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Sensory neurone carries electrical impulses to the CNS
( synapse )
RELAY neurone passes electrical impulses from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone found in the spinal cord
( synapse )
Motor neurone carries electrical impulses from the CNS and is connected to the effector
( bypass CNS )

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13
Q

What is a flowchart to show how REFLEXES are coordinated through the body( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neurone -> relay neurone -> motor neurone -> effector -> response

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14
Q

What is a synapse( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

The gap where 2 neurones meet

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15
Q

What happens at a synapse( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Electrical impulses travel to one end of the nerve cell and cause a chemical to be released called a neuro-transmitter
The neuro-transmitter diffuses across the gap more slowly than an electrical impulse would travel
They set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone

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16
Q

What does MRI stand for( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

17
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex ( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Consciousness. Language, thought, perception, memory and attention

18
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus ( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Links nervous system to hormonal system

19
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland ( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Hormonal central: fleeing, fighting, feeding and mating

20
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum ( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Coordination, precision, accurate timing, muscle activity and balance

21
Q

What is the function of the medulla ( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Unconscious activity: controlling heartbeat, gut, breathing, vomiting, blood pressure

22
Q

Give 4 problems with treating the brain ( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

The brain is very complex and delicate. It is easily damaged and destroyed
For this reason it is difficult to investigate or treat brain disorders
Drugs cannot always reach the correct part ( blood brain barrier )
Surgery is difficult because it is not completely understood what each area does amd damage could be unintentionally caused

23
Q

What is the function of the retina ( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Made up of light sensitive receptor cells, it lets us see colour and visible light

24
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve ( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Carries impulses from the retina to the brain

25
Q

What is the function of the sclera ( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Tough outer layer of the eye

26
Q

What is the function of the cornea ( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Transparent region of the sclera at the front of the eye. Refracts light as it enters the eye

27
Q

What is the function of the iris( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Has sets of muscles that control the size of the pupil and regulate the light reaching the retina

28
Q

What is the function of the cilliary muscles and suspensory ligaments( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Change the shape of the lens to focus light rays on the retina

29
Q

What does the eye do to react to bright light ( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Circluar muscles contract
Radial muscles relax
Pupil constricts

30
Q

What does the eye do to react to dim light( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Circular muscles relax
Radial muscles contract
Pupil dilates

31
Q

What is accomodation( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

The process by which the eye focusses on objects ( is a reflex action )

32
Q

What happens in accomodation for distance viewing( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Ciliary muscle relax
Suspensory ligament pulled tight
Lens ‘ flat ‘ and thin

33
Q

What happens in accomodation for close viewing( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Suspensory ligaments slacken
Lens is more rounded and thick

34
Q

Where is light focusses in normal vision( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

The retina ( fovea )

35
Q

Where is the light focussed in mypopia and why( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Short of the retina

Lens too thick, refracts the light too much

36
Q

Where is the light focussed in hyperopia and why( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Past the retina

Lens too thin and doesn’t refract the light enough

37
Q

How to fix myopia( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Concave lens

38
Q

How tomfix hyperopia( SKIP NOT NEEDED )

A

Convex lens

Post Miss Lee GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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