B.1 Individual difference

Question 1

Bandsura Social learning theory statement

Answer 1

people observe behavior either directly through social interactions with others or indirectly by observing behaviors through media

Question 2

Define the term personality

Answer 2

“Those relatively stable and enduring aspects of individuals which distinguish them from other people, making them unique but at the same time permit a comparison between individuals”. (Gross, 1992)

Question 3

Define the trait theory

Answer 3

“people are born with established personality characteristics”

Question 4

Diagram of Bandsura Social learning theory

Answer 4

demonstration- Attention- Retention- Motor Reproduction- Motivation - matching performance

Question 5

Discuss the interactionist approach to personality ( give equation also)

Answer 5

personalities are developed through a constant interaction between the persona and their environment

Behaviour = Function of personality x Enviroment
B= F (P X E)

Question 6

Four main stages of Bandusra theory

Answer 6

Attention: learn through observation, you have respect and admiration for the model
-Retention: for modelling to be effective you must retain the observed skills in your memory
- Motor reproduction: you must be physically perform the task you are observing. you need time to practice skill and see how it is performed
- Motivational response: Unless you are motivated you will not go through the first three stages. Motivation is dependant on reinforcement (feedback, praise, sense of achievement)

Question 7

the issue in personality research and sports peformance

Answer 7

1.athletes versus non-athletes: may discourage non-sportspeople from attempting sports that don’t ‘fit’ their personality
2.personality and sport type: if a personality is assigned to a sport, those not demonstrating will be less likely to take up the sport as they do not think that they suit the stereotype of the sport.
3.predicting performance: implications of predicting performance, rather than it be a natural progression and taking into consideration environmental factors

Question 8

The social learning approach (learning characteristic from other people) 4 steps

Answer 8

Observe- identify - reinforce - copy

Question 9

What are issues with the measurement of personality

Answer 9

Biases -Self-reported data may include error due to denial and wanting to be evaluated in a favourable light.
Data collection - qualitative therfore Interviews, questionnaires and observing behaviour are more difficult to analyse
Ethical issues - Informed consent, confidentiality, use of results and predicting personality can also be problematic.
Validity and reliability issues