5.3 Principles of skill learning Flashcards
what is performance
temporary occurrence fluctuates over time
example:beginners can produce one good shot but not w/ consistency
characteristic of fixed practice (3)
- Movement is repeated over and over
- Better for closed and discrete skills
- Skills are performed the same way (no change in environment)
example basketball free throw
charateristic of massed practice (4)
- little to no gaps in practice; lots of reps, no rest intervals
- Better for older more experienced players
- Suitable for simple skills
- Practices designed to simulate fatigued sortation late in games
ex. a field hockey team practices shooting techniques non-stop for 40 min
Discuss factors that contribute to different rates of learning
-Physical maturation (the learner knows when they are ready to gain a skill)
-Physical fitness (not being fit enough)
-Different coaches (different coaches have different ways of teaching, which may not apply to every player)
-Age (how capable the learner is at absorbing information)
-Task difficulty (if too difficult can weaken motivation and vice versa)
-Teaching environment (a distracting or pressured environment can be difficult for the learner to retain information)
-Motivation (the learner wants to learn)
Outline the different types of pratices
-Fixed (drill) pratice
-Massed practice
-Distributed Practice
-Variable Practice
-Mental Practice
what are the 6 types of transfer
-skill to skill
-pratice to peformance
-abilities to skill
-bilateral
-stage to stage
- principles to skills
what are the characteristic of an autonomous stage (advanced) (4)
- Individual can perform consistently
- With little cognitive activity
-Motor programms completely formed and reaction time is quick. - Can give more harsh feedback
what are the characteristic of associative stage (skilled) (6)
- With practice, the individual knows what to do
- Develops consistency
- Errors decrease
-Refining motor programs - Demonstrates learning
- Constructive feedback (pos and neg)
what are the characteristics of command (traditional) teaching style (4)
- Teacher makes all decision
- Teacher-directed instructions
- Massed practice (good for beginners)
- Class is set up in an orderly manner ex: dance, aerobics, drills
what are the characteritics of distributed practice (4)
- when practice is interspaced with rest or different activity
- Good for beginners and limited preparation
- Rest intervals to mentally rehearse sills
- Complex and new/dangerous skills ex. weight training
what are the charactersitic of variable practice (4)
- Allows repetition of skill but from different positions and situations
- Good for open skills (simulates real game situation)
- Helps to build up schema to draw upon in a game situation
ex: throwing a ball towards the different target at different distances ot angle
what are the charactersitics of problem-solving teaching style (4)
-Program developed by learner based on physical and cognitive abilities
- Highly individualized
- Learner designs questions and the solutions
- Teacher observes and guides
ex: making a dance routine
what are the characteristics of reciprocal teaching style
- Teacher makes all decision
- Teacher-directed instructions
- Massed practice (good for beginners)
- Class is set up in an orderly manner ex: dance, aerobics, drills
what are the characteristic of a cognitive stage (beginner) (5)
- Individual tries to make sense of instructions given
- Using perception and decision making
-Forming motor programs - Mistake are often made
- Attending to irrelevant and relevant information
- Give motivational feedback (intrinsic motivation)
what are the four types of learning curves
-positive acceleration
-negative acceleration
-linear
-plateau
what are the four types of presentation
-whole
-whole-part-whole
-progressive part
-part
what are the three phases (stages) of learning
-Cognitive stage
-Associative stage
-Autonomous stage
what are the three types of teaching styles
-command (traditional)
-reciprocal
-problem solving
what is a Ability to skill in terms of transfer
how natural abilities inform acquisition of skill
ex. ability to jump and having the skill to jump higher than the athlete would have the advantage in high jumping
what is a linear learning curve (search up image)
- easy to perform skill
- rare
what is a part method
- the subroutines of the skill are demonstrated and practiced in isolation
- this method is useful if skills are complex or dangerous
ex. tennis coach teaching a tennis serve
what is a plateau learning curve (search up image)
- learning is positive
- a period with no improvement
- lack of motivation/ fatigue/ injury
- keep practicing
- more learning is demonstrated
what is a Practice to performance in terms of transfer
training to in-game situation
ex. batting in cricket or baseball against bowling/ pitching machine
what is a progressive part method
skill is broken into subroutines, which are then practiced in isolation and well learnt
- part one is well learned, so is part then, then the two are joined together
- part three is learnt in isolation and then added
ex. breaking down gymnastic sequences or triple jump
what is a skill to skill in transfer
from one skill to the next
ex. throwing a ball to throwing the javelin
what is a whole-part-whole method
- the whole action is demonstrated and practiced in parts
- the individual elements are identified and improved before returning skill to whole
- pupil trues the whole action, weak elements are indemnified and the practiced in isolation
-If a skill is very complex, ‘mini skills’ can be taught (ex. mini tennis instead of full tennis game)
what is bilateral in terms of transfer
when you can transfer the skills from one side to another
ex. a soccer player learning to kick with their weaker foot
what is learning
a relatively permanent change in performance that results from practice or past experience
example:gaining consistency in the shot
what is negative acceleration curve (search up image)
- quick learning at first
- learning slows down
what is positive acceleration curve (search up image)
- skill difficult to learn at first
- slow progress, quick improvement
what is principles of skills in terms of transfer
from theories to actual performance
example from sitting in a classroom of a play and then going out and practicing it out on the field
what is stage to stage in terms of transfer
From the cognitive, to the associative to the autonomous stage
ex. from three-on-three basketball to full game
what is the concept of transfer
when the skill can be applied to another sport
what is the whole method
- the action is demonstrated and then practiced as a whole by the pupils
example a golf swing
