5.2 Information processing Flashcards
Describe a simple model of information processing
input – decision-making – output – feedback
Example - Penalty kick in football:
Input: the goalie observes the angle of the kicker
Decision Making: the goalie makes a decision on where to dive
Output: the goalie follows with a diving movement
Feedback: the brain receives feedback on the movement, which is apple for the next shot
characteristic of open-loop perspective (4)
- Decisions are made in the brain
- Information for one movement is sent in a single message
- The muscles receive the message, where they then perform the movement.
- Feedback may or may not be available but it doesn’t control the action
sporting example:
Fast movements such as a tennis serve, golf swing - you can’t use the feedback to make changes when you are doing the actio
characteristics of closed loop perspective (5)
- Decisions are made in the brain
- Information is sent to at different times
- Information is received by the muscles to initiate the movement
- Feedback is always available and is necessary for correction of movement patterns and to adjust to changing needs.\
- When the performer detects an error, they use the perceptual trace, which is an immediate detection of the movement stored in the short term memory, and compare it to their memory trace
sporting example:
- Cycling/running - you can use your feedback to make changes and improve your action
Define information processing
the system by which we take information from our surrounding environment, use it to make a decision and then produce a response
Describe Welford’s model of information processing
Explain the signal-detection process
it is the process by which the brain interprets and makes sense of the information it is receiving from the sensory organs
how can selective attention be improved
It can be improved by learning through past experience and interaction with long-term memory
Outline the role of feedback in information processing model (8)
- Intrinsic (self given)
- Extrinsic (given by others eg. coach)
- Knowledge of results (was there a goal or was it a miss)
- Knowledge of performance (correct technique, improper technique)
- Positive feedback (encouragement)
- Negative feedback (unconstructive)
- Concurrent feedback (during the task itself)
- Terminal feedback (after task completion)
Outline the role of feedback with the learning process (4)
- Reinforcement of learning
- Motivation
- Adaptation of performance
- Punishment
Releagating executive programmes to subroutines:
A learned skill may initially form a new motor programme, but over time, this skill may be relegated to a subroutine, i.e. learning to drive a car, but then becoming a race car driver, you do not have to focus on the skill of actually driving a car
what are exteroceptors
information gathered from outside the body - extrinsic:
they provide information about the external environment
↳touch, pressure, temperature, light, sound, taste, smell
what are Proprioceptors
information gathered from inside the body via nerve receptors in the muscles and joints –It’s intrinsic:
what are the characteristics of a long-term memory (4)
-Stores information from past experiences
- Unlimited capacity
- not everything can be retrieved
- Information can be stored for a very long time
what are the characteristics of a short-term memory (3)
-Holds information for several seconds, it can hold 5-9 items
- Low capacity and short duration
- Deals with present information
what are the characteristics of a short-term sensory store (5)
-Information enters the sensory system and is held there for a short period of time
- Separate sections for each sense
- Large capacity but for less than a second
- Filters out irrelevant information so that the system doesn’t overload
- It cannot retrieve previous information (done in the STM)
what are the different methods of memory improvement (8)
-rehearsal
-coding
-brevity
-clarity
-chunking
-organisation
-association
-pratice
what are the three forms of receptors in the sensory system
-Exteroceptors
-Proprioceptors
-Interoceptors
what factors affect response time
- Sex and age
- Level of fitness
- Fatigue/tiredness
- Personality type
- Number of stimuli
- Intensity of stimuli -
Length of neural pathways (if you are tall it takes longer)
what is a memory trace
selects and initiates an appropriate response
what is a perceptual trace
acts as a record of the movement made over many practices.
what is a whole plan (executive programme/motor programme) and subroutines
In order to successfully perform a motor skill, the performer is required to have a whole plan that specifies the timing and sequence of the movement. This motor programme can be broken down into smaller actions that are called subroutines.
what is association in terms of memory improvment
semantic understanding increases recall
-linking new learning to what players/performers already know;
sporting example:
let’s say a soccer player wants to remember a new attacking play. Instead of simply trying to memorize the sequence of movements, the player can associate each step of the play with familiar concepts or patterns that they already understand. By linking the new information to existing semantic knowledge about soccer strategies, positions, or patterns of play, the player can strengthen the encoding and retrieval of the new attacking play.
what is brevity in terms of memory improvment
it is easier to remember short and specific details rather than long and vague information
-when first learning or seeing something we can only process a little at a time, i.e. not too many coaching points at any one time;
what is chunking in terms of memory improvment
- breaking up information so it is easily remembered
-learners can hold more in the short-term memory if the information is chunked/grouped instead of being presented as individual items;
what is clarity in terms of memory improvment
if the information is clear and understood, it will be easier to remember
-avoid trying to learn or coach two similar but distinct items in the same section / quality of the demonstration / model performance / communication;
what is coding in terms of memory improvment
information associated with images can be recalled better with the associations
-characteristics of the incoming stimuli are compared with those of similar stimuli which have previously been learned and stored in the long-term memory;
what is comparison (DCR)
the stimulus is passed through the memory and compared with similar codes stored in the memory
example:from previous serves in this match or even from previous matches with the same opponent;
what is coordination of subroutines
In order for a motor programme to be completed successfully, all subroutines must be coordinated, both temporally and spatially. This is why skills are initially taught in a closed environment as performers are less exposed to unpredictable situations.
what is detection (DCR)
is the process by which the brain identifies that a stimulus is present
e.g. the server has tossed the ball above their head rather than slightly in front;
what is hicks law
Hicks Law - the more choices you have the longer it will take to decide
sporting example:
100 m sprinter reacting to starting gun would have a shorter reaction time than a soccer player passing a ball;
what is Interoceptors
they pass information from within the body’s internal organs such as the heart and lungs to the brain via the nervous system
-this helps to regulate the various functions of the body and cater for the changing demands placed upon it.
what is movement
- from the initiation of the movement to the end of the movement
- Takes part in your brain and nervous system
what is organisation in terms of memory improvment
- if information is clear and in a logical format it is easier to recall
-we remember more easily if we organize the way in which we are to learn and ensure that it is more meaningful/relevant/authentic;
what is practice in terms of memory improvement
shuttles the image of the skills backwards and forwards between short and long-term memory to establish a memory trace / selection of appropriate practice type depending on skill/learner/situation; [6]
what is Psychological Refractory Period (search up image)
The task related to the first stimulus must be fully carried out before the second response can be made. The overlap is called the psychological refractory period
sporting example: dummy pass in rugby
what is reaction time
from the initiation of the stimulus to the initiation of a movement
what is recognition (DCR)
occurs when the code of the incoming information matches a code stored in the long-term memory;
what is rehearsal for memory improvement
repeating a certain skill over and over until it is memorized
-the imagery of a model performance prior to/interspersed with physical practice;
what is selective attention
a type of memory where you can only focus on one thing or on two things that require different areas of the brain
Sporting Example: In a football game when passing the ball, you may remember all of the training you have done on the skill and other variations of the move, but with the aid of selective attention, you recall and only think about where you have to go, in the position you are in and the situation you are in.
what is the definition of motor programme
Defined as a set of movements stored as a whole in the memory, regardless of wether feedback is used in their execution
sporting example: The golf swing is a complex motor program that involves a coordinated sequence of movements. It includes the backswing, downswing, and follow-through, with precise timing and coordination required to achieve an accurate and powerful shot
what is the equation of response time
response time = reaction time + movement
what is the single channel hypothesis
you can only deal with one stimulus at the time, so the first stimulus needs to be attended before you respond to the second stimulus
what is the three process of single-detection
detection – comparison – recognition (DCR)
in terms of a tennis serve:
1.Detection: In this step, the receiver notices and realizes that the server is about to hit the ball. They pay attention to the server’s movements and see when they start their serve.
2.Comparison: Once the receiver detects the serve, they compare it to what they know about different types of serves. They think about the speed, direction, and spin of the ball and compare it to their past experiences of different serves they have encountered.
3.Recognition: In this step, the receiver figures out what type of serve is being performed based on the comparison they made. They recognize whether it’s a serve with topspin, slice, kick, or no spin at all.
what kind of information does selective attention filter?
Attention filters incoming information, allowing only relevant information into short-term processing stores
why is selective attention important
for fast and accurate responses
why is there a delay in psychological refractory period
cause the player has to sort out new and correct stimulus, but first they have to disregard the old and now useless stimulus and this causes the delay
-Brain processes one action at a time causing a time delay in responding to the second stimulus
