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GCSE Science - Biology > B1 - Cells > Flashcards

B1 - Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What two types of organisms are there?

A

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

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2
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Complex and include all animal and plant cells

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3
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

A prokaryotic cell -a single-celled-organism

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4
Q

What are the different parts of a cell called?

A

Subcellular structures

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5
Q

What are the subcellular structures of an animal cell?

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Rybosomes
Mitochondria

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6
Q

What the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material that controls activities of the cell

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7
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Gel-like substance where most chemical reactions happen.
Contains enzymes that control chemical reactions

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8
Q

What is the function of cell membrane

A

To hold the cell together and control what goes in and out

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9
Q

What is the function of mitochondria

A

They are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place (respiration transfers energy that the cells need to work)

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10
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

They are where proteins are made in the cell

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11
Q

Which have more bits in the cell usually, plants or animals?

A

Plant cells (they also usually have all the same parts as animals and a few extra)

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12
Q

PLANT CELLS: What is the function of the rigid cell wall and what is it made of

A

It is made of cellulose and it supports the cell and strengthens it

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13
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts

A

They are where photosynthesis occurs which makes food for the plant. (They contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis)

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14
Q

Are bacteria cells Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotes

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15
Q

Do bacteria have Chloroplasts or mitochondria?

A

No

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16
Q

What is a permanent vacuole (plant cell)

A

It contains cells sap (a weak solution of sugars and salts)

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17
Q

Name the sub-cellular structures in a plant cell

A

Cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, plasmids

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18
Q

Give two differences in structure between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A

1 - prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells
2 - prokaryotic cells don’t have mitochondria but eukaryotic cells do
3 - prokaryotic cells don’t have a true nucleus but eukaryotic cells do
4 - prokaryotic cells have circular DNA but eukaryotic cells don’t.

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19
Q

What is the definition of osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration.

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20
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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21
Q

What is the definition of active transport?

A

The movement of particles of low concentration to an area of high concentration across a partially permeable membrane. This requires energy.

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22
Q

What is the formula to work out magnification?

A
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23
Q

Name the enzyme that breaks down starch. What is starch broken down into?

A

Amylase
Starch is broken down into maltose

24
Q

Describe and explain the structure of veins

A

Walls less thick than arteries as blood is not under as much pressure.
Bigger lumen to help blood flow.
Have valves to keep blood flowing in the right direction.

25
Q

Describe and explain the structure of arteries.

A

Walls are strong and elastic as blood is under high pressure.
Walls are thick/lumen is small.
Walls contain muscle and elastic fibres allowing them to stretch.

26
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Loss of water through the stomata by evaporation.

27
Q

Is a plant cell a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell?

A

Eukaryotic cell - a small complex cell eg plant or animal.

28
Q

In which sub-cellular structures do most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

29
Q

Describe the main similarities and differences between a bacterial cell and a plant cell.

A

Similarities: both have cell membrane, a cell wall and cytoplasm.

Differences: plant cells have chloroplasts and mitochondria but bacteria do not.
Plant cells have a true nucleus whereas bacteria have a single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm.
Bacteria cells may also contain small rings of DNA called plasmids

30
Q

Identify the parts of the cell and describe their functions.

A

A - cell membrane - holds the cell together and controls what enters and leaves.
B - nucleus - contains genetic material that controls activities of the cell.
C - cytoplasm - gel-like substance where chemical reactions happen. Contains enzymes that control these reactions.

31
Q

Does the diagram show a plant or animal cell? How can you tell?

A

Animal. A plant cell would also have a cell wall and a permanent vacuole.

32
Q

What is the purpose of the fine adjustment knob on a light microscope?

A

Used to focus the lens until a clear image of what’s on the slide appears.

33
Q

True or false? Electron microscopes have a smaller magnification than light microscopes, but they have a higher resolution than light microscopes.

A

False. Electron microscopes have both higher resolution and higher magnification.

34
Q

How has electron microscopy increased biologists understanding of cells?

A

They let us study cells un much finer detail than light microscopes. This has enabled biologists to see and understand more sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and plasmids, and the internal structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

35
Q

When using a light microscope to study onion cells as in the diagram on the right, explain why a drop of iodine is added to the slide.

A

Iodine is a stain. It is used to highlight objects in the onion cells by adding colour to them, making them easier to see.

36
Q

A specimen is 100um wide. Calculate the width of the image of the specimen under a magnification of x200. Give your answer in my.

Use the equation: magnification = image size/real size

A

20mm

37
Q

Which cells in plants are specialised for absorbing water and minerals from the soil?

A

Root hair cells ( found in the surface of plant cells)

38
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

To transport make DNA to the female DNA in eggs for reproduction

39
Q

How does the ability to differentiate differ between paint cells and animal cells?

A

The ability to differentiate is lost at an early stage in most animal cells (after they have become specialised), but lots of plant cells don’t ever lose this ability

40
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

Carries electrical impulses from one part of body to another.

41
Q

How is a nerve cell adapted for its function?

A

Cell is long and has branched connections at its ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network through the body. This allows for rapid signalling.

42
Q

Exocrine acinar cells function to produce lots of digestive enzymes (proteins), which are then secreted from the pancreas. Suggest one way these cells may be specialised for their function.

A

May contain a large number of ribosomes for the synthesis of digestive enzymes

43
Q

In human body cells, are chromosomes normally found in pairs of triplets?

A

Pairs - once from mother, one from father

44
Q

Which of the following do chromosomes contain?
A - mitochondria
B - cytoplasm
C - genes
D - amino acids

A

C - chromosomes are coiled up in lengths of DNA, which carry a large number of genes

45
Q

What is mitosis? What is it used for?

A

The stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides. Organisms use mitosis to grow or replace cells that have been damaged.

46
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell which has the ability to become one of many different types of cell or more stem cells.

47
Q

Where can stem cells be found in an adult human? What do they do?

A

Bone marrow (and some other places) They turn into specific cells, such as blood cells.

48
Q

What type of plant tissue contains stem cells?

A

Meristem tissue (this is where growth occurs)

49
Q

Name a gas molecule that can diffuse through cell membranes.

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide

50
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The bigger the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.

51
Q

What type of membrane is needed for osmosis to happen?

A

A partially permeable one (it has small holes in it, so only tiny molecules can pass through)

52
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of substances from a lower concentration to a higher concentration, using energy from respiration.

53
Q

How does the size of an organism affect its surface area to volume ratio?

A

The larger an organism is, the smaller it’s surface area to volume ration.

54
Q

True or false? Single-celled organisms with a large surface area to volume ratio can easily exchange substances with the environment, without adaptations.

A

True. Enough substances can be exchanged across their cell membranes to supply the needs of the cell.

55
Q

Name two gases that are exchanged in a leaf

A

Gases exchanged in a leaf include oxygen, water vapour and carbon dioxide.

56
Q

What is the function of alveoli?

A

Alveoli allow the efficient/rapid transfer oxygen to the blood and the removal of waste carbon dioxide from the blood.

57
Q

True or false? A tissue is a group of cells of only one type, which work together to perform a function.

A

False. A tissue doesn’t have to be made up of only one cell type, it can include more than one type of cell.

GCSE Science - Biology (7 decks)

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