B1 Cell Transport and Structure Flashcards
How to calculate magnification
Size of image/ size of real object
What are all living things made of
cells
What types of cell are there
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
What makes prokaryotes simpler
THey are single cell organisms while eukaryotic cells are complex and include all plant and animal cells
WHat is the nucleus
contains genetic material that controls the activity of the cell
it contains the genes of the chromosomes that carry the instructions for making the proteins needed to build new cells or new organisms.
HOw do you convert mm to μm
x1000
Name a cub-cellular structure that is found in most plant cells that is missing from an onion cell
chloroplast
What is cytoplasm
A gel-like substance in which organelles are suspended and where most of the chemical reactions needed for life take place
What is the cell membrane
holds the cell together and controls the passage of substances such as glucose and mineral ions in and out of the cell.
What are the mitochondria
these are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration happen. Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work
WHat are ribosomes
WHere protein synthesis takes place, making all the proteins needed in a cell
Where are ribosomes attached
endoplasmic reticulum
What additional structures do plant cells have
-rigid cell wall
-permanent vacuole
-chloroplasts
What is the rigid cell wall
made of cellulose, supports the plant cell and strengthens it
What is the permanent vacuole
Contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts. THis is important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant nucleus
What are chloroplasts
THese are found in all the green parts of a plant, they are green because they contain the green substance chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll absorbs the light so the plant can make food by photosynthesis
Why don’t root hair cells have chloroplasts
THey are underground and do not photosynthesise
WHat eukaryotic components do bacteria not have
-chloroplasts
-mitochondria
What do bacteria cells have instead of a ‘true’ nucleus
a singular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm
How are eukaryotes and prokaryotes different from each other
> prokaryotic cells are smaller
prokaryotic cells don’t have mitochondria but eukaryotes do
prokaryotes don’t have a true nucleus
Prokaryotic cells have circular DNA
What does the flagella enable
movement
What does the plasmid carry
antibiotic resistant genes and spreads them
What are algae
simple aquatic organisms that also make their own food by photosynthesis
Give 2 advantages of using an electron microscope over a light microscope
-higher resolution
-higher magnification
Name a disadvantage of an electron microscope
-Can only view dead things
-THey are very bulky
-expensive
I am looking at onion cells. The cells on the slide appear to measure 5mm with a magnification of x200. What is the actual size of the cell
5/200 = 0.025mm
size of image/ magnification
What is 1mm in micrometres
1mm= 1000 micrometres
Explain how to view onion cells using a microscope
- Collect sample of Cell
- Remove inner skin of onion using forceps
- Place thin slice on glass slide, use forceps to keep skin flat on slide
- Use pipette to add 1-2 drops of dilute iodine solution on top of onion skin
- hold cover slip by its side and lay one edge of cover slip onto the microscope slide near the specimen
- Lower cover slip slowly so liquid spreads out
How to find FOV
FOV=(original magnification/ new magnification)x original FOV
How to find the length of a cell
FOV/ Number of Cells
How to find magnification
observed cell length/ actual cell length
A student looks at an image of a cell with a diameter of 8mm. The cell has an actual diameter of 0.02mm, calculate the magnification.
8/0.02= mag 400x
What is the same about prokaryotes and eukaryotes
-They both contain a form of DNA
-Ribosomes
-Cytoplasm
-Both have a membrane
What is the function and adaptation of a ciliated epitheal cell
To move mucus up the wind pipe, cilia are the extensions of the cell membrane
What is the function and adaptation of a sperm cell
function: fertilises an egg
adaptation: -tail enables movement
-middle section has lots of mitochondria that transfer energy to move
-Acrosome contains digestive enzymes to break down outer layers of egg
-Large nucleus contains genetic information to be passed on
What is the function and adaptation of a nerve cell
function: carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another
adaptation: -lots of dendrites to make connections to other cells
-long axon that carries nerve impulses
-synapses pass impulses to another cell or nerve-> muscle using special transmitter chemicals
-Mitochondria to provide energy to make the chemicals
What is the function and adaptation of a muscle cell
function: to contract quickly
adaptation: - special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract
-mitochondria to generate energy for contraction
What is the function and adaptation of a red blood cell
function: transport the oxygen from lungs to all body tissue for aerobic respiration
adaptation: -no nucleus to carry more haemoglobin
-biconcave shape to maximise surface area for oxygen absorption
-thin sheet, short diffusion path
What is the function and adaptation of a root hair cell
function: help roots to take up water and mineral ions
adaptation: -greatly increase surface area available for water to move in
-many mitochondria that provide energy fr active transport of minerals into root hair cell
-large vacuole that speeds up osmosis from the soil to the root
What is the function and adaptation of a photosynthesis cell
function: capturing solar energy and turning it into glucose/ sugar
adaptation: -contains chloroplasts which contain the chemical chlorophyll
-positioned in continuous layers in the leaves and outer layers of stem to absorb light
-large permanent vacuole that keeps cell rigid due to osmosis
What is the function and adaptation of a fat storage (adipose) cell
function- store fat
adaptation: large amount of lipids in cytoplasm
What is the function and adaptation of a xylem
function: carry water and mineral ions
adaptations: - continuous tube
-one way travel
-dead
-spirals of lignin as reinforcement
What is the function and adaptation of a phloem
-carries water and food
-has end walls (sieve plates)
-two way movement
-cells are living but need support
Loops of circular DNA found in bacterial cells- they are sometimes swapped between bacteria
plasmids
the control centre of a cell, where DNA is found
nucleus
protective membrane that surrounds the kidney
capsule
what function and adaptation does a ciliated cell have
cilia move mucus up the wind pipe
cilia are extensions of the cell membrane
what function and adaptation does a sperm cell have
> fertilises and egg
tail enables movement
middle section has lots of mitochondria that transfer energy to move
Acrosome contains digestive enzymes to break down the outer layers of egg
large nucleus to contain genetic information to be passed on
what function and adaptation does a photosynthesis cell have
> captures solar energy and turns it into glucose/sugar
contains chloroplasts which contain the chemical chlorophyll
positioned in continuous layers in the leaves and outer stems to absorb light
large permanant vacuole to keep cell rigid due to osmosis
what function and adaptation does a nerve cell have
> carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another
adaptations
-has lots of dendrites to make connections with other cells
-long axon that carries nerve impulse
-synapses to pass impulses to another cell or nerve-> muscle using special transmitter chemicals
-mitochondria to provide energy to make chemicals
what function and adaptation does a muscle cell have
> function- to contract quickly
special proteins that slide over each other make the fibres contract
-mitochondria generate energy for contraction
what function and adaptation does a xylem cell have
-carries water and mineral ions
-continuous tube
-one way travel
-dead cell
-spirals of lignin for reinforcement
what function and adaptation does a phloem have
-carries food and water
-has end walls/ sieve plates
-two way movement
-cells are living but need support
what function and adaptation does a red blood cell have
function- transport the oxygen from the lungs to all body tissue for aerobic respiration
adaptation-
-no nucleus to carry more haemoglobin
-biconcave shape to maximise surface area for oxygen
-thin/short diffusion path
what function and adaptation does a root hair cell have
function- helps roots to take up water and mineral ions
-adaptations- greatly increase the surface area available for water to move in
-large vacuole that speeds up osmosis from soil to root
What is diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration- down a concentration gradient
What is osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration of water across a selectively permeable membrane
WHat does a high water concentration mean
high water conc. —» low water conc.
dilute solution concentrated solution
What are hypotonic, isotonic, and hyper tonic
hypotonic- solutions are weaker than the solution inside the cell
isotonic- solutions are the same strength as the solution inside
hypertonic- solution is stronger than the solution inside
What is the equation for photosynethesis
CO2 + H2O –> O2 +glucose
WHat is the rate of diffusion affected by?
difference in concentration, temperature, surface area
What is active transport
Active transport moves a substance against a concentration gradient
-it uses energy from respiration to provide energy
-it allows root hairs to absorb mineral ions from very dilute solutions in soil against a concentration gradient
