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GCSE Biology > B1 Cell Transport and Structure > Flashcards

B1 Cell Transport and Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

How to calculate magnification

A

Size of image/ size of real object

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2
Q

What are all living things made of

A

cells

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3
Q

What types of cell are there

A

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

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4
Q

What makes prokaryotes simpler

A

THey are single cell organisms while eukaryotic cells are complex and include all plant and animal cells

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5
Q

WHat is the nucleus

A

contains genetic material that controls the activity of the cell

it contains the genes of the chromosomes that carry the instructions for making the proteins needed to build new cells or new organisms.

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6
Q

HOw do you convert mm to μm

A

x1000

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7
Q

Name a cub-cellular structure that is found in most plant cells that is missing from an onion cell

A

chloroplast

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8
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

A gel-like substance in which organelles are suspended and where most of the chemical reactions needed for life take place

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9
Q

What is the cell membrane

A

holds the cell together and controls the passage of substances such as glucose and mineral ions in and out of the cell.

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10
Q

What are the mitochondria

A

these are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration happen. Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work

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11
Q

WHat are ribosomes

A

WHere protein synthesis takes place, making all the proteins needed in a cell

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12
Q

Where are ribosomes attached

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

What additional structures do plant cells have

A

-rigid cell wall
-permanent vacuole
-chloroplasts

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14
Q

What is the rigid cell wall

A

made of cellulose, supports the plant cell and strengthens it

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15
Q

What is the permanent vacuole

A

Contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts. THis is important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant nucleus

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16
Q

What are chloroplasts

A

THese are found in all the green parts of a plant, they are green because they contain the green substance chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll absorbs the light so the plant can make food by photosynthesis

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17
Q

Why don’t root hair cells have chloroplasts

A

THey are underground and do not photosynthesise

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18
Q

WHat eukaryotic components do bacteria not have

A

-chloroplasts
-mitochondria

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19
Q

What do bacteria cells have instead of a ‘true’ nucleus

A

a singular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm

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20
Q

How are eukaryotes and prokaryotes different from each other

A

> prokaryotic cells are smaller
prokaryotic cells don’t have mitochondria but eukaryotes do
prokaryotes don’t have a true nucleus
Prokaryotic cells have circular DNA

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21
Q

What does the flagella enable

A

movement

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22
Q

What does the plasmid carry

A

antibiotic resistant genes and spreads them

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23
Q

What are algae

A

simple aquatic organisms that also make their own food by photosynthesis

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24
Q

Give 2 advantages of using an electron microscope over a light microscope

A

-higher resolution
-higher magnification

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25
Q

Name a disadvantage of an electron microscope

A

-Can only view dead things
-THey are very bulky
-expensive

26
Q

I am looking at onion cells. The cells on the slide appear to measure 5mm with a magnification of x200. What is the actual size of the cell

A

5/200 = 0.025mm
size of image/ magnification

27
Q

What is 1mm in micrometres

A

1mm= 1000 micrometres

28
Q

Explain how to view onion cells using a microscope

A
  1. Collect sample of Cell
  2. Remove inner skin of onion using forceps
  3. Place thin slice on glass slide, use forceps to keep skin flat on slide
  4. Use pipette to add 1-2 drops of dilute iodine solution on top of onion skin
  5. hold cover slip by its side and lay one edge of cover slip onto the microscope slide near the specimen
  6. Lower cover slip slowly so liquid spreads out
29
Q

How to find FOV

A

FOV=(original magnification/ new magnification)x original FOV

30
Q

How to find the length of a cell

A

FOV/ Number of Cells

31
Q

How to find magnification

A

observed cell length/ actual cell length

32
Q

A student looks at an image of a cell with a diameter of 8mm. The cell has an actual diameter of 0.02mm, calculate the magnification.

A

8/0.02= mag 400x

33
Q

What is the same about prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

-They both contain a form of DNA
-Ribosomes
-Cytoplasm
-Both have a membrane

34
Q

What is the function and adaptation of a ciliated epitheal cell

A

To move mucus up the wind pipe, cilia are the extensions of the cell membrane

35
Q

What is the function and adaptation of a sperm cell

A

function: fertilises an egg

adaptation: -tail enables movement
-middle section has lots of mitochondria that transfer energy to move
-Acrosome contains digestive enzymes to break down outer layers of egg
-Large nucleus contains genetic information to be passed on

36
Q

What is the function and adaptation of a nerve cell

A

function: carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another

adaptation: -lots of dendrites to make connections to other cells
-long axon that carries nerve impulses
-synapses pass impulses to another cell or nerve-> muscle using special transmitter chemicals
-Mitochondria to provide energy to make the chemicals

37
Q

What is the function and adaptation of a muscle cell

A

function: to contract quickly

adaptation: - special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract
-mitochondria to generate energy for contraction

38
Q

What is the function and adaptation of a red blood cell

A

function: transport the oxygen from lungs to all body tissue for aerobic respiration

adaptation: -no nucleus to carry more haemoglobin
-biconcave shape to maximise surface area for oxygen absorption
-thin sheet, short diffusion path

39
Q

What is the function and adaptation of a root hair cell

A

function: help roots to take up water and mineral ions

adaptation: -greatly increase surface area available for water to move in
-many mitochondria that provide energy fr active transport of minerals into root hair cell
-large vacuole that speeds up osmosis from the soil to the root

40
Q

What is the function and adaptation of a photosynthesis cell

A

function: capturing solar energy and turning it into glucose/ sugar

adaptation: -contains chloroplasts which contain the chemical chlorophyll
-positioned in continuous layers in the leaves and outer layers of stem to absorb light
-large permanent vacuole that keeps cell rigid due to osmosis

41
Q

What is the function and adaptation of a fat storage (adipose) cell

A

function- store fat
adaptation: large amount of lipids in cytoplasm

42
Q

What is the function and adaptation of a xylem

A

function: carry water and mineral ions
adaptations: - continuous tube
-one way travel
-dead
-spirals of lignin as reinforcement

43
Q

What is the function and adaptation of a phloem

A

-carries water and food
-has end walls (sieve plates)
-two way movement
-cells are living but need support

44
Q

Loops of circular DNA found in bacterial cells- they are sometimes swapped between bacteria

A

plasmids

45
Q

the control centre of a cell, where DNA is found

A

nucleus

46
Q

protective membrane that surrounds the kidney

A

capsule

47
Q

what function and adaptation does a ciliated cell have

A

cilia move mucus up the wind pipe

cilia are extensions of the cell membrane

48
Q

what function and adaptation does a sperm cell have

A

> fertilises and egg
tail enables movement
middle section has lots of mitochondria that transfer energy to move
Acrosome contains digestive enzymes to break down the outer layers of egg
large nucleus to contain genetic information to be passed on

49
Q

what function and adaptation does a photosynthesis cell have

A

> captures solar energy and turns it into glucose/sugar
contains chloroplasts which contain the chemical chlorophyll
positioned in continuous layers in the leaves and outer stems to absorb light
large permanant vacuole to keep cell rigid due to osmosis

50
Q

what function and adaptation does a nerve cell have

A

> carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another
adaptations
-has lots of dendrites to make connections with other cells
-long axon that carries nerve impulse
-synapses to pass impulses to another cell or nerve-> muscle using special transmitter chemicals
-mitochondria to provide energy to make chemicals

51
Q

what function and adaptation does a muscle cell have

A

> function- to contract quickly
special proteins that slide over each other make the fibres contract
-mitochondria generate energy for contraction

52
Q

what function and adaptation does a xylem cell have

A

-carries water and mineral ions
-continuous tube
-one way travel
-dead cell
-spirals of lignin for reinforcement

53
Q

what function and adaptation does a phloem have

A

-carries food and water
-has end walls/ sieve plates
-two way movement
-cells are living but need support

54
Q

what function and adaptation does a red blood cell have

A

function- transport the oxygen from the lungs to all body tissue for aerobic respiration
adaptation-
-no nucleus to carry more haemoglobin
-biconcave shape to maximise surface area for oxygen
-thin/short diffusion path

55
Q

what function and adaptation does a root hair cell have

A

function- helps roots to take up water and mineral ions
-adaptations- greatly increase the surface area available for water to move in
-large vacuole that speeds up osmosis from soil to root

56
Q

What is diffusion

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration- down a concentration gradient

57
Q

What is osmosis

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration of water across a selectively permeable membrane

58
Q

WHat does a high water concentration mean

A

high water conc. —» low water conc.
dilute solution concentrated solution

59
Q

What are hypotonic, isotonic, and hyper tonic

A

hypotonic- solutions are weaker than the solution inside the cell
isotonic- solutions are the same strength as the solution inside
hypertonic- solution is stronger than the solution inside

60
Q

What is the equation for photosynethesis

A

CO2 + H2O –> O2 +glucose

61
Q

WHat is the rate of diffusion affected by?

A

difference in concentration, temperature, surface area

62
Q

What is active transport

A

Active transport moves a substance against a concentration gradient
-it uses energy from respiration to provide energy
-it allows root hairs to absorb mineral ions from very dilute solutions in soil against a concentration gradient

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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