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GCSE Biology > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of focus on a microscope?

A

Coarse and Fine

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2
Q

What is the lens of a light microscope called?

A

Objective lens

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3
Q

How many m are in a km

A

1000

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4
Q

How many cm are in a m

A

100

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5
Q

How many mm are in a cm

A

10

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6
Q

How many mm’s are in a micrometer

A

1000

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7
Q

How many micrometers are in a nanometre

A

1000

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8
Q

How far can a light microscope measure up to?

A

X2000

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9
Q

What resolving power does a light microscope have?

A

200nm

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10
Q

How much can an electron microscope measure?

A

X2000000

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11
Q

What is the resolving power of a electron microscope

A

0.2nm

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12
Q

What is the magnification equation?

A

Magnification= Size of image divided by size of object

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13
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controll all cell activities, contains genes on the chromosomes that carry instructions for making protiens

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14
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

A liguid gel where organelles are suspended and where most of the chemical reactions needed for life occur

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15
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the passage of substances such as glucose and mineral ions into the cell and urea and hormones out of the cell

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16
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

Structures in the cytoplasm where aerobic respiration takes place

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17
Q

What if the function of ribosomes?

A

Where protein synthesis takes place, making all the proteins needed in a cell

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18
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

A substance that absorbs light so the plant can carry out photosynthesis

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19
Q

Why are chloroplast Green?

A

As they contain chlorophyll?

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20
Q

Why don’t root cells contain chloroplast?

A

As they are underground and don’t carry out photosynthesis

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21
Q

What is a permanent vacuole?

A

A space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap, this keeps the cells rigid to support the plant

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22
Q

What are the main structures of an animal cell?

A

A nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes

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23
Q

What are 3 extra features of a plant cell that animal cells don’t contain?

A

Chloroplast, a cell wall and a permanent vacuole

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24
Q

What are 2 examples of eukaryotic and cells?

A

Plant and animal cells

25
Q

What do eukaryotic cells contain?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material that is enclosed in a nucleus

26
Q

What makes up a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cytoplasm and a cell membrane sorrounded by a cell wall

27
Q

What is 2 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells’ DNA is free but a eukaryotic cells’ DNA is in a nucleus
Prokaryotic cells have no organelles,only ribosomes but eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles

28
Q

What does a prokaryotic cell have that a eukaryotic cell does not?

A

A flagella

29
Q

What does eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells don’t?

A

A nucleus

30
Q

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacteria

31
Q

What are the 3 types of specialised animal cells?

A

Nerve cell
Muscle cell
Sperm cell

32
Q

How are nerve cells specialised and how do they make their cell more effective?

A

-Lots of dendrites to make connections to other nerve cells
-an axon that carries the nerve impulse from one place to another
-the nerve endings or synapses are adapted to pass the impulses to another cell or between a nerve cell and a muscle in the body

33
Q

How are muscles cells specialised?

A

-They contain special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract
-Contain many mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for chemical reactions to take place
-Store glycogen( a chemical that can be broken down and used in cellular respiration)

34
Q

How are sperm cells specialised?

A

-A long tail to help move through water or the female reproductive system
- The middle section is full of mitochondria which transfer the r Getty needed for the tail to work
-The across one stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg
- A large nucleus that contains genetic information

35
Q

What are examples of specialised plant cells?

A

Root hair cells
Photosynthetic cells
Xylem cells
Phloem cells

36
Q

How are root hair cells specialised?

A

-Increase surface are available for water to move into the cell
-large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell
- Mitochondria that transfer energy needed for active transport

37
Q

How are photosynthetic cells specialised?

A

-Contain chloroplasts containing chlorophyll that trap sunlight for photosynthesis
- Positioned in continuous layers in the leaves and outer layers of the stem of a plant so they absorb more light
-large permanent vacuole that helps keel the cell rigid

38
Q

How are xylem cells specialised?

A

-Lignin builds up on spirals in the cell wall and when the cell dies long hollow tubes that allow water and mineral ions to move through them form
-Spirals and rings of lignin in the xylem cells make them very strong to help withstand pressure of water moving up the plant

39
Q

How are phloem cells specialised?

A

-Cell wall between the cells break down to form special sieve plates
-Supported by companion cells that keep them alive

40
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movements of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

41
Q

What affects the rate of diffusion?

A

Difference in concentration, temperature and available surface area

42
Q

What substances and gasses use diffusion to move in and out of cells?

A

Glucose, urea and oxygen and carbon dioxide

43
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane

44
Q

What causes water to move into or out of the cell by osmosis?

A

Concentrations of solutions inside and outside a cell

45
Q

What happens if the concentration outisde the cell changes dramatically?

A

Animal cells can be damaged

46
Q

What causes the solution to be isotonic to the cell?

A

The concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is the same as the internal concentration

47
Q

What causes the solution to be hypertonic to the cell?

A

The concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is higher than the internal concentration

48
Q

What causes the solution to be hypotonic to the cell?

A

The concentration of the solutes outside the cell is lower than the internal concentration

49
Q

Why is osmosis important in plant cells?

A

As it helps to maintain turgor in plant cells

50
Q

What are the 6 steps of looking at cells(REQUIRED PRACTICAL)?

A
  1. Move the stage down to the lowest position
  2. Place the glass slide onto the stage
    3.select the lowest power objective lens
    4.turn the coarse focus slowly untill you are able to see the cells
    5.Turn the fine focus untill the cells are in focus
  3. Repeats steps 1-5 using higher power magnification
51
Q

What happens when water moves out and in a planet cell by osmosis

A

The plant shrinks and expands

52
Q

What are the steps of osmosis?

A

1.Peel potato
2.Use a cork borer to produce 3 cylinders of potato
3.Use a scalpel to trim cylinders to 3cm in length
4.Meausre length of cylinder using ruler and the mass using a balance
5.Put each cylinder into a test tube, add 10cm cubes of a 0.5 molar sugar solution to the first tube
6.Then add 10cm cubed of 0.25 molar sugar solution to the second test tube and 10cm cubed of distilled water to the last tube
7.Leave solutions over night
8. Remove potato cylinders and gently roll them on a paper towel to remove surface moisture
9. Don’t press on them
10. Measure length and mass of cylinders
11. Calculate percentage change

53
Q

Why do we use a cork borer instead of a knife?

A

As each potato will be the same size

54
Q

What is active transport?

A

The moving of substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against a concentration gradient

55
Q

How does active transport get the energy required to carry out active transport?

A

Uses energy released from food in respiration to provide the energy required

56
Q

What does active transport allow root hairs to do?

A

Absorb mineral ions required for healthy growth from very dilute solutions in the soil against a concentration gradient

57
Q

What does active transport allow sugar molecules to do?

A

To be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood where the concentration of sugar is higher

58
Q

What do single-called organisms have?

A

A large surface area to volume ratio so all necessary exchanges with the environment take place over this surface

59
Q

In multicellular organisms, what are the organs specialised with?

A

Effective exchange surfaces

GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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