B: topic 1-3 / A: topic 7 Flashcards
1
Q
- The importance of cereals in animal nutrition
Utilisation: (4)
A
- fresh plants – single species or mixture, fermented
- whole grains, meal (grinded), bran, flour and other milling byproducts)
- straw – food, bedding, fuel
- medicine
2
Q
- The importance of cereals in animal nutrition
Nutruitive Value: (8)
A
- Large amount, well digestible nutrients
- Large energy content (NFE – nitrogen free extract): mainly starch 60-70% (endosperm )
- Fatty acids: low (2-6%: embryo)
- Protein: low 6-12%, less in lysine, but high metionine, cysteine
- Fibers: 2-12%
- Phosphorus: 60-70% in phytic acid (low feed conversion for monogastric species)
- Vitamines: B (seed coat), E (embryo)
- Trypsine inhibitors (low contrentration)
3
Q
- The importance of pulse crops and oil plants in animal nutrition
Utilization(5) and examples(3)
A
Several important oil crops:
- Glycine Max
- Brassica Napus
- Helianthus annus
Utilization
1. Annual legumes (family Fabaceae) used for their fleshy seeds:
- as forage meals -> large seeds -> nutrients in cotyledons (in embryonic leaves)
- as human food and animal forage
- Seeds as a protein source – Human consumption – Livestock forage
- Green parts – stem, leaves – Straw – Fresh forage – Silage
4
Q
- The importance of pulse crops and oil plants in animal nutrition
Nutritional value: (5)
A
- Relatively high protein content: 20-40% (rich in lysine, poor in sulphurous amino acids like methionine)
- Poor in carbohydrates
- Oils omega3/6: the body doesn’t make them so imp. To consume: affects the properties of cell membranes – very important!
- Contain vitamins: B1 , B2 , B3
- Biosynthesize antinutritive compounds
5
Q
- The importance of forage legumes and fleshy forages in animal nutrition
Nutritional value: (8)
A
- their stems and leaves rich in fibers and proteins
- many wild species on pastures
- highly important plants as livestock foreges
- for forage, wild species and selected cultivars are applied exclusively, or mixed with grasses
- rich in minerals: Ca2+, Mg2+, and P
- high contents of vitamine E and β-carotene
- good pastures for honey bees
- harbour Rhizobium species -> ability to fix athmospheric N2 -> perfect plants for using them as green manure
- -> (Green manures are crops sown to cover bare soil after crops are harvested, improve soil quality)
6
Q
- The importance of forage legumes and fleshy forages in animal nutrition
Utilization: (4)
A
- Grazing: many forage legumes have decumbent stem (difficult to mow)
- For hay: plants are mowed at the begining of their flowering stage (3-4 times in a year) – avoid dry leaves falling off – drying for 2-3 sunny days only to protect β-carotene from degradation
- Hay can be grinded for forage meal and compressed into pellets, or cakes
- (meal aka cake is the by-product obtained after the extraction of oil from seeds ) - Ensilage – SILAGE: when the CH content of freshly mowed plants is high enough to support fermentation – HAYLAGE: increase CH content of hay by drying up to 40-45% in dry weight then ensilage (often mixed with molasses and conserved by formic acid)
7
Q
- The nutrient metabolism of plants
1) metabolism in general
2) how does the plant absorb nutrients?
A
- Two of the three main purposes of metabolism
A. The conversion of food/fuel to energy to run cellular processes
B. The conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates, - Through the root hairs:
1)symplast: passive tp. from cell to cell through plasmodesmas: hydrophilic path
2)Apoplast: active tp. through cell walls. stopped eventually by the casparian strip–>has to go through at least one cell membrane. this path is energy requireing
8
Q
- the effect of macronutrient deficiency, and in general about the substance NITROGEN
(6)
A
- pure protein, amids, amidmatters, amino acids, peptides, alkaloids
- Decreased immunity and weight, weakness, osteoporosis(ncreased bone weakness), anaemia(decrease in the total amount of red blood cells), GT disorders
9
Q
- the effect of macronutrient deficiency, and in general about the substance PHOSPOROUS
(4, 4)
A
1.
80 % of P in bones, others in the soft tissues
in the bones, P bind Ca (calcium-phosphate)
in the soft tissues, most of P are in organic bond while P forms of energy storing as ATP, ADP
important role in energy balance
- rachytis (childhood disease: inflammation of the vertebral column)
osteomalacia (abnormal softening of bones)
egg shell reduce in thickness or dissolve completely
sterility in cattle without any symptoms
10
Q
- the effect of nutrient deficiency, and in general about the substance POTASSIUM
(4, 5)
A
- homoestasis
Na-K pump
neuro transitional transport
muscle metabolism
- •slow growth
- reduced feed and water intake
- muscular weakness
- decreasing production (meat, egg)
- vomiting, diarrhoea
11
Q
- the effect of macronutrient deficiency, and in general about the substance MAGNESIUM
(3, 5)
A
- • enymes activator (carboxyls)
- muscle development
- artery strengthen effect
- • grass tetany
- muscle weekness
- neural problems
- disorders in egg shell fomations
- diarrhea
12
Q
- the effect of macronutrient deficiency, and in general about the substance SULFUR
(4, 4)
A
1.
• connective tissue
- horn matters
- wool production
- enzymes, hormones
2.
•hair/feather dropping
- skin disorders
- decreased immunity
- arthrotomic vulnerability
13
Q
- the effect of macronutrient deficiency, and in general about the substance CALCIUM
A
1.
skeletal formation
- blood clotting
- muscule contruction
- cardiac muscle working
- •disorders in growing and bone forming processes
- neural problems
- tetany
- calving paralysis
- hormonal dysfunction
14
Q
- the effect of MICROnutrient deficiency, and in general about the substance IRON
A
porcelainpale of pigs
15
Q
- the effect of MICROnutrient deficiency, and in general about the substance Manganese
A
pitching(abrupt up-and-down motion), paralysis and expanded bone in calves
