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botany > A: topic 13 - 14 > Flashcards

A: topic 13 - 14 Flashcards

1
Q

algae - importance(6) and identification

A

Identification

  • Uni/multicellular forms: no issues or organs who produce oxygen
  • Easy to see, accumilation of green stuff=algea on water surface for example: waterbloom–>increase nutrients

Importance

  • 60% of the worlds oxygen
  • Important in freshwater foodwebs
  • Fix atmospheric N
  • Dietatic food supply for humans
  • Foragesupply for livestock – protein supply – decresing rumen acidosis (acitity in rumen decrease)
  • Indicators of freshwater quality
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2
Q

Lichens - importance and identification

A

Identification

  • In the fungi group
  • Consists of mycobiont(the fungal componant - medulla) and photobiont(photosynthesis - algae layer under cortex)

Importance

  • Used as expectorant (increase amount of hydration of secretions -> not so irritant when dialuted)
  • Some species ex usnea spp. Have antibiotic effects: medicinal, vet. application
  • Natural forage: for raindeer: reindeer lichen
  • Used in cosmetics and paints
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3
Q

mosses: importance and identification

A

Identification

  • 3 divisions: Mosses, liverworts and hornworts
  • -> general morphology will be ‘
  • green, fuzzy
  • stalk and capsule is present
  • contain Rhizoid which are stuctures similar in function and look to roothairs
  • liverworts have Thallus instead of leaf - > flat, thickened structure, moss does not have perianth (the non-sexual structures of the flower)

Importance

  • No specific veterinarian importance
  • Major ecological role
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4
Q

Ferns: identification and importance

A

Identification
- Short, modified stem
(- First vasculated plant with organs etc)
- Ex horsetail, bracken fern
- Horsetail: SiO2 crystals in epidermal cells: sporangia at the stem apex (where spores are formed, a unit of reproduction.)
- True ferns(most are): simple or multiply divided leaves, sporangia arranged on underleaf

Importance
- Thiaminiase(breaks down or metabolizes thiamine(vitamin B1)), ptaquilozide poisening (RU: bracken poisening)

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5
Q

Gymnosperms(seed prod plant): cycads, identification and importance

A

identification
- Palm–like appearence, stout and woody stem, evergreen pinnate leaves

importance
- Toxins: non-proteinogenic a.a.(neurotoxins: paralizing, tremmors, etc) and carcinogenic glycosides

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6
Q

Gymnosperms(seed prod plant): Ginko tree, identification and importance

A

identification

  • only one extant(not extinct) species (Gingko biloba),
  • dichotomous leaf venetaion: lookes like a chinese fan

importance:
- medicinal effect (CNS) - positive effect

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7
Q

Gymnosperms(seed prod plant): cypress species., identification and importance

A

morphology
- scale or needle-like leaves, small cones(hard structure around seed)

importance

  • High proportion of volatile oil(hydrophobic liquid with aroma compounds)
  • toxic effects may possible (e.g. thujone: mood elevating in small doses) Juniperus communis – common junipe
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8
Q

Gymnosperms(seed prod plant): yew species., identification and importance

A

morphology:

  • needle-like leaves, absence of resin ducts(producd when injury accurs to strengthen the plant)
  • generally aril covers the seed(outgrow from seed that covers or partly cover the seed)

importance:
- Diterpenoid compounds

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9
Q

Gymnosperms(seed prod plant): pine species, identification and importance

A

morphology

  • needle-like leaves, high proportion of resin, generally large cones
  • Thuja occidentalis

importance
- Good quality wood Poisonous compounds generally not present

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10
Q

monocots(angiosperms - flowering plant)

ARACEAE - morphology and importance

A

morphology

  • Creeping stem or epiphytes(grow on trees), shiny and undivided leaves, tubers and rhizomes and aerial roots generally occurs
  • Monosexual(only one gender per plant) and monoecious(both male and female on one plant) flowers, they are covered with insect trap – bract leaf, the fruit is a berry

Importance
- most common plant family of many household plants

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11
Q

monocots(angiosperms - flowering plant)

LILIALES - morphology and importance

A

morphology

  • Undergrown stems, narrow leaves
  • 2x3(6) fused or free tepals with nectar glands, large colorful flower
  • the fruit is generally a capsule
  • ex white hellebore

Importance

  • Most of the species has more or less a toxic effect: ex terpenoids
  • Ornimental purposes
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12
Q

monocots(angiosperms - flowering plant)

JUNCACEAE (rushes) - morphology and importance

A

Morphology

  • Grass-like morphology, tuft like appearence
  • Cylindrical stem and leaf
  • No spikelets (der vi finner mel i hvete planten feks - hele greia, en av spikene på spieleten heter floret)
  • Uncertain identification below genus level!!
  • have tepals (unlike sedges who have bracts and grasses who have awn, lemma and palea)

Importance

  • Toxic compounds are rare
  • species can be present in hay samples
  • Generally low digestibility and nutritive value – basically filled with air
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13
Q

monocots(angiosperms - flowering plant)

CYPERACEAE, sedges - morphology and importance

A

Morphology

  • A grass-like morphology Triangular, sharp and coarse stem
  • SiO2 crystals Leaves covers with cuticule and have a W-shape
  • Female flowers surrounded with a bottle-shaped bract utricle
  • Uncertain identification below the genus level!!
  • unlike rushes and grasses they have bracts (- instead of tepal, lemma or palea(leaf like structure around leaf)

Importance

  • Species can be present in hay samples
  • Generally low digestibility and nutritive value
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14
Q

monocots(angiosperms - flowering plant)

POACEAE - grass - morphology and importance

A

Morphology

  • Spikelets with 1 or more florets
  • unlike rushes and sedges they have awn, lemma and palea

Importance

  • Botanical hay analysis: The presence of „sour grasses” (sedges, rushes) can decrease the quality of the hay
  • Low nutritive value, higher antinutritional effect
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15
Q

Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance

RANUNCULACEAE - buttercup

A

Identification

  • ex aconitum vulparia
  • Perennial herbaceous plants (more than 2y, no woody stem above ground)
  • Medium size 1,2 cm on average flower size
  • Actinomorphic (to kors) and zigomorphic symmetry(en symmetri strek)
  • Leaves are generally palmately divided with serrated margins
  • Stipules are absent
  • Large number of stamens and carpels – fruits are achenes(sånn man blåser av på dandelion) or follicles (capsule like peas have with seed(pea) inside, made of carpel - seed bearing carpel)

Importance

  • Many poisonous species
  • Ranunculin glycoside (protoanemoin – a poisonous lactone) • Steroid glycosides • Diterpene alkaloids
  • Some species are used as a medicinal or ornamental plant
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16
Q

Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance

EUPHORBIACEAE - spurge

A

ex euphorbia aristolochia

Identification

  • Many cactus-like species in the tropics In the temperate zone
  • mainly annual or perennial herbaceous plants
  • Generally simple, undivided leaves
  • Milky sap (latex)
  • „Flower” = cyathium: flower bracts(modified leaf below flower) + reduced female flower + nectar glands(can be located anywhere but usually on flower) + groups of reduced male flowers

Importance

  • Typical compounds: phorbol esters (diterpenoid derivates), cyanogenic glycosides
  • Poisonous species of grasslands and hay
  • Economic importance: rubber tree, castorbean
  • Species as ornamental plants
17
Q

Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance

FABACEAE - pea f.

A

ex glycine max

Identification

  • Wooden or herbaceous species
  • Root nodules (Rhizobium spp.) -> fixation of atmospheric N2
  • Compound leaves, Stipules, Tendrils
  • five petals bilateral (zygomorphic) symmetry
  • pollination by insects
  • The fabaceous fruit: pod (like bean) consists of one carpel only

Importance

  • Pulse crops, forage legumes, grassland plants
  • Typical compounds: quinolizidine alkaloids and pyrimidine derivates, lectins, non-proteinogenic amino acids, isoflavanoids cyanogenic glycosides
18
Q

Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance

ROSACEAE, rose f.

A

ex prunus tenella

Identification

  • Deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs
  • or perennial herbaceous species
  • Simple or compound leaves
  • stiplues are generally present
  • Pentamer, radial flowers (white, pink, red, rarely yellow )
  • Large number of stames and carpels
  • Generally fleshy fruits (drupe, or accessory fruits)

Importance

  • Typical compounds: cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids
  • Species in food industry: fresh fruits, jams, juices
  • Ornamental plants
  • poisonings
  • Medicinal plants
19
Q

Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance

BRASSICACEAE - mustard f.

A

ex brassica oleraceae convar. botrytis

Identification

  • Species produce a rosette of leaves
  • Leaves generally lyrate, divided, and the upper ones are sessile - permanently attached
  • Bisymmetric flower
  • Always 4 sepals and 4 petals with a cross-like arrangement
  • 4 longer and 2 shorter stamens
  • Fruit is a silicle (lenght and widht are similar) or a silicle (lenght > width) With many seeds (structure similar to pods - come in many shapes)

Importance

  • Typical compounds: glucosinolates
  • many species are used as common vegetables (e.g. cabbage, radish, horseradish)
  • Fleshy forage plants
  • Species occurs in arables, grasslands and gardens as ornamental plants.
20
Q

Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance

LAMIACEAE - mint f.

A

ex wild thyme

Identification

  • Angular, square-like stem
  • opposite leaf arrangement
  • generally undivided leaves
  • Species often has aromatic leaves
  • Epidermal hairs occurs commonly
  • Flowers = 3 fused petals (lower lip) + 2 fused petals (upper lip)
  • The dried calyx(all of the sepals) remains on the them 2 longer and 2 shorter stamens

Importance

  • Typical compounds: mainly terpenoid derivates (monoterpenoids, iridoids) in the volatile oil
  • Importance: common medicinal plants and herbs (mint, basil…)
  • Poisonous species are rare (with mild symptoms)
  • Species with economic importance (e.g.: teak wood)
21
Q

Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance

SOLANACEAE - Nightshade f.

A

ex solanum nigrum

Identification

  • Leaves are highy variable (simple, compound, divided, undivided, hairy, bare) -> there’s no specific morphology
  • A flower also variable, but generealy 5 fused sepals and 5 petals (free or fused)
  • Fruit is a berry or a capsule
  • Morphology is similar to Convulvulaceae f. - ergoline alkaloids, psychoactive effect

Importance

  • Typical compounds: alkaloids (tropane, pyridine, steroid)
  • The majority of the species more or less poisonous
  • common vegetables (tomato, chili, eggplant…)
  • fleshy forages (potato)
  • economic importance (pharmaceutical industry, tobacco) - as ornamental plants (angel’s trumpet)
22
Q

Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance

APIACEAE - carrot f.

A

Identification

  • Stem is generally furrowed and hollow
  • A reddish-brown colorization is often possible
  • Multipy compound leaves with divided leaflets
  • Leaf base modified into leaf sheath
  • Generally leaves are aromatic
  • Flowers are small, white or yellow, pentamerous with inflexed petals
  • Inflorescens is generally a compound umbel
  • Specific bracts: involucres and involucels (presence/absence) Schizocarp fruit (a dry fruit)

Importance

  • Typical compounds: alkaloids (piperidine), polyyns (polyacetylenes), terpenoids, furocoumarines
  • High volatile oil content Importance: common vegetables (carrot, cumin, anise)
  • Small forage importance
  • Species of natural habitats have generally medicinal or poisonous effects
23
Q

Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance

ASTERACEAE - daisy f,

A

ex sunflower
Identification
- Stipules are absent, leaves are simple and more or less divided – no specific morpholgy
- Inflorescence is called head ex sunflower – with specific bract called phyllaries
- Disc and ray flowers (see seminar 2.) If only ray flowers are present
- milky sap in the stem Achenes (cypsela) with pappus

Importance

  • Typical compounds: flavonoids, terpenoids, specific fatty acids
  • High volatile oil content
  • crops -> oilseed cake, vegetables (e.g.: lettuce, artichoke)
  • Species of natural habitats often has a medicinal effect
  • Poisonous species are rare

botany (7 decks)

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