A: topic 13 - 14 Flashcards
algae - importance(6) and identification
Identification
- Uni/multicellular forms: no issues or organs who produce oxygen
- Easy to see, accumilation of green stuff=algea on water surface for example: waterbloom–>increase nutrients
Importance
- 60% of the worlds oxygen
- Important in freshwater foodwebs
- Fix atmospheric N
- Dietatic food supply for humans
- Foragesupply for livestock – protein supply – decresing rumen acidosis (acitity in rumen decrease)
- Indicators of freshwater quality
Lichens - importance and identification
Identification
- In the fungi group
- Consists of mycobiont(the fungal componant - medulla) and photobiont(photosynthesis - algae layer under cortex)
Importance
- Used as expectorant (increase amount of hydration of secretions -> not so irritant when dialuted)
- Some species ex usnea spp. Have antibiotic effects: medicinal, vet. application
- Natural forage: for raindeer: reindeer lichen
- Used in cosmetics and paints
mosses: importance and identification
Identification
- 3 divisions: Mosses, liverworts and hornworts
- -> general morphology will be ‘
- green, fuzzy
- stalk and capsule is present
- contain Rhizoid which are stuctures similar in function and look to roothairs
- liverworts have Thallus instead of leaf - > flat, thickened structure, moss does not have perianth (the non-sexual structures of the flower)
Importance
- No specific veterinarian importance
- Major ecological role
Ferns: identification and importance
Identification
- Short, modified stem
(- First vasculated plant with organs etc)
- Ex horsetail, bracken fern
- Horsetail: SiO2 crystals in epidermal cells: sporangia at the stem apex (where spores are formed, a unit of reproduction.)
- True ferns(most are): simple or multiply divided leaves, sporangia arranged on underleaf
Importance
- Thiaminiase(breaks down or metabolizes thiamine(vitamin B1)), ptaquilozide poisening (RU: bracken poisening)
Gymnosperms(seed prod plant): cycads, identification and importance
identification
- Palm–like appearence, stout and woody stem, evergreen pinnate leaves
importance
- Toxins: non-proteinogenic a.a.(neurotoxins: paralizing, tremmors, etc) and carcinogenic glycosides
Gymnosperms(seed prod plant): Ginko tree, identification and importance
identification
- only one extant(not extinct) species (Gingko biloba),
- dichotomous leaf venetaion: lookes like a chinese fan
importance:
- medicinal effect (CNS) - positive effect
Gymnosperms(seed prod plant): cypress species., identification and importance
morphology
- scale or needle-like leaves, small cones(hard structure around seed)
importance
- High proportion of volatile oil(hydrophobic liquid with aroma compounds)
- toxic effects may possible (e.g. thujone: mood elevating in small doses) Juniperus communis – common junipe
Gymnosperms(seed prod plant): yew species., identification and importance
morphology:
- needle-like leaves, absence of resin ducts(producd when injury accurs to strengthen the plant)
- generally aril covers the seed(outgrow from seed that covers or partly cover the seed)
importance:
- Diterpenoid compounds
Gymnosperms(seed prod plant): pine species, identification and importance
morphology
- needle-like leaves, high proportion of resin, generally large cones
- Thuja occidentalis
importance
- Good quality wood Poisonous compounds generally not present
monocots(angiosperms - flowering plant)
ARACEAE - morphology and importance
morphology
- Creeping stem or epiphytes(grow on trees), shiny and undivided leaves, tubers and rhizomes and aerial roots generally occurs
- Monosexual(only one gender per plant) and monoecious(both male and female on one plant) flowers, they are covered with insect trap – bract leaf, the fruit is a berry
Importance
- most common plant family of many household plants
monocots(angiosperms - flowering plant)
LILIALES - morphology and importance
morphology
- Undergrown stems, narrow leaves
- 2x3(6) fused or free tepals with nectar glands, large colorful flower
- the fruit is generally a capsule
- ex white hellebore
Importance
- Most of the species has more or less a toxic effect: ex terpenoids
- Ornimental purposes
monocots(angiosperms - flowering plant)
JUNCACEAE (rushes) - morphology and importance
Morphology
- Grass-like morphology, tuft like appearence
- Cylindrical stem and leaf
- No spikelets (der vi finner mel i hvete planten feks - hele greia, en av spikene på spieleten heter floret)
- Uncertain identification below genus level!!
- have tepals (unlike sedges who have bracts and grasses who have awn, lemma and palea)
Importance
- Toxic compounds are rare
- species can be present in hay samples
- Generally low digestibility and nutritive value – basically filled with air
monocots(angiosperms - flowering plant)
CYPERACEAE, sedges - morphology and importance
Morphology
- A grass-like morphology Triangular, sharp and coarse stem
- SiO2 crystals Leaves covers with cuticule and have a W-shape
- Female flowers surrounded with a bottle-shaped bract utricle
- Uncertain identification below the genus level!!
- unlike rushes and grasses they have bracts (- instead of tepal, lemma or palea(leaf like structure around leaf)
Importance
- Species can be present in hay samples
- Generally low digestibility and nutritive value
monocots(angiosperms - flowering plant)
POACEAE - grass - morphology and importance
Morphology
- Spikelets with 1 or more florets
- unlike rushes and sedges they have awn, lemma and palea
Importance
- Botanical hay analysis: The presence of „sour grasses” (sedges, rushes) can decrease the quality of the hay
- Low nutritive value, higher antinutritional effect
Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance
RANUNCULACEAE - buttercup
Identification
- ex aconitum vulparia
- Perennial herbaceous plants (more than 2y, no woody stem above ground)
- Medium size 1,2 cm on average flower size
- Actinomorphic (to kors) and zigomorphic symmetry(en symmetri strek)
- Leaves are generally palmately divided with serrated margins
- Stipules are absent
- Large number of stamens and carpels – fruits are achenes(sånn man blåser av på dandelion) or follicles (capsule like peas have with seed(pea) inside, made of carpel - seed bearing carpel)
Importance
- Many poisonous species
- Ranunculin glycoside (protoanemoin – a poisonous lactone) • Steroid glycosides • Diterpene alkaloids
- Some species are used as a medicinal or ornamental plant
Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance
EUPHORBIACEAE - spurge
ex euphorbia aristolochia
Identification
- Many cactus-like species in the tropics In the temperate zone
- mainly annual or perennial herbaceous plants
- Generally simple, undivided leaves
- Milky sap (latex)
- „Flower” = cyathium: flower bracts(modified leaf below flower) + reduced female flower + nectar glands(can be located anywhere but usually on flower) + groups of reduced male flowers
Importance
- Typical compounds: phorbol esters (diterpenoid derivates), cyanogenic glycosides
- Poisonous species of grasslands and hay
- Economic importance: rubber tree, castorbean
- Species as ornamental plants
Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance
FABACEAE - pea f.
ex glycine max
Identification
- Wooden or herbaceous species
- Root nodules (Rhizobium spp.) -> fixation of atmospheric N2
- Compound leaves, Stipules, Tendrils
- five petals bilateral (zygomorphic) symmetry
- pollination by insects
- The fabaceous fruit: pod (like bean) consists of one carpel only
Importance
- Pulse crops, forage legumes, grassland plants
- Typical compounds: quinolizidine alkaloids and pyrimidine derivates, lectins, non-proteinogenic amino acids, isoflavanoids cyanogenic glycosides
Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance
ROSACEAE, rose f.
ex prunus tenella
Identification
- Deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs
- or perennial herbaceous species
- Simple or compound leaves
- stiplues are generally present
- Pentamer, radial flowers (white, pink, red, rarely yellow )
- Large number of stames and carpels
- Generally fleshy fruits (drupe, or accessory fruits)
Importance
- Typical compounds: cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids
- Species in food industry: fresh fruits, jams, juices
- Ornamental plants
- poisonings
- Medicinal plants
Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance
BRASSICACEAE - mustard f.
ex brassica oleraceae convar. botrytis
Identification
- Species produce a rosette of leaves
- Leaves generally lyrate, divided, and the upper ones are sessile - permanently attached
- Bisymmetric flower
- Always 4 sepals and 4 petals with a cross-like arrangement
- 4 longer and 2 shorter stamens
- Fruit is a silicle (lenght and widht are similar) or a silicle (lenght > width) With many seeds (structure similar to pods - come in many shapes)
Importance
- Typical compounds: glucosinolates
- many species are used as common vegetables (e.g. cabbage, radish, horseradish)
- Fleshy forage plants
- Species occurs in arables, grasslands and gardens as ornamental plants.
Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance
LAMIACEAE - mint f.
ex wild thyme
Identification
- Angular, square-like stem
- opposite leaf arrangement
- generally undivided leaves
- Species often has aromatic leaves
- Epidermal hairs occurs commonly
- Flowers = 3 fused petals (lower lip) + 2 fused petals (upper lip)
- The dried calyx(all of the sepals) remains on the them 2 longer and 2 shorter stamens
Importance
- Typical compounds: mainly terpenoid derivates (monoterpenoids, iridoids) in the volatile oil
- Importance: common medicinal plants and herbs (mint, basil…)
- Poisonous species are rare (with mild symptoms)
- Species with economic importance (e.g.: teak wood)
Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance
SOLANACEAE - Nightshade f.
ex solanum nigrum
Identification
- Leaves are highy variable (simple, compound, divided, undivided, hairy, bare) -> there’s no specific morphology
- A flower also variable, but generealy 5 fused sepals and 5 petals (free or fused)
- Fruit is a berry or a capsule
- Morphology is similar to Convulvulaceae f. - ergoline alkaloids, psychoactive effect
Importance
- Typical compounds: alkaloids (tropane, pyridine, steroid)
- The majority of the species more or less poisonous
- common vegetables (tomato, chili, eggplant…)
- fleshy forages (potato)
- economic importance (pharmaceutical industry, tobacco) - as ornamental plants (angel’s trumpet)
Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance
APIACEAE - carrot f.
Identification
- Stem is generally furrowed and hollow
- A reddish-brown colorization is often possible
- Multipy compound leaves with divided leaflets
- Leaf base modified into leaf sheath
- Generally leaves are aromatic
- Flowers are small, white or yellow, pentamerous with inflexed petals
- Inflorescens is generally a compound umbel
- Specific bracts: involucres and involucels (presence/absence) Schizocarp fruit (a dry fruit)
Importance
- Typical compounds: alkaloids (piperidine), polyyns (polyacetylenes), terpenoids, furocoumarines
- High volatile oil content Importance: common vegetables (carrot, cumin, anise)
- Small forage importance
- Species of natural habitats have generally medicinal or poisonous effects
Dicot taxons: Morphology and importance
ASTERACEAE - daisy f,
ex sunflower
Identification
- Stipules are absent, leaves are simple and more or less divided – no specific morpholgy
- Inflorescence is called head ex sunflower – with specific bract called phyllaries
- Disc and ray flowers (see seminar 2.) If only ray flowers are present
- milky sap in the stem Achenes (cypsela) with pappus
Importance
- Typical compounds: flavonoids, terpenoids, specific fatty acids
- High volatile oil content
- crops -> oilseed cake, vegetables (e.g.: lettuce, artichoke)
- Species of natural habitats often has a medicinal effect
- Poisonous species are rare
