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botany > A: topic 2 and 3 > Flashcards

A: topic 2 and 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of roots?

A

fibrous roots(prominent in monocots) and taproots(prominent in dicots)

(adventitious roots: develop from organs of the shoot system)

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2
Q

what are the different Interspecific modifications found in roots?

A

Myocorrizal roots
Root nodules
Haustorium
Aerial roots

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3
Q

what are buds and what are different types

A

Bud(gemma)=embryonic shoot

Types: Vegetative(emryonic stem and leaves), reproductive(embryonic flower), mixed

Function:

protectionof stoot apex-> bud scales

Vegetative bud of biennial species-> forage

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4
Q

what are the different stem types?

A

Woody stem types

Lignification: deposits of lignin in cell wall: decreasing digestibility

Trees, shrubs, subshrubs

Herbaceous stem types

Lignification is possible in older organs, determine the forage value

Common dicot stem: w/lateral branches and non-conspicuous nodes

Grass stem: in Poaceae family, hollow internodes, no lateral branches

Rosette: circular arrengment of leaves, short internodes

Sedge stem: for certain species of sour grasses, ex sedges, short internodes close to the ground spongy inner parts->low feeding value

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5
Q

what are the different types of modified stems above ground (4)

A

Stem tendril(cyrrus): simple(cucumber): climbing

Thorns(spina): simple (firethorn) or branched(honey locust); protection

Runner(sarmentum): elongated internodes(strawberry), vegetative reproduction, root /stem(?) above ground to form another plant

Succulent stem: cylindrical or spherical: water storage

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6
Q

what are the different types of modified stems below ground (6)

A

Generally storage starch or other carbs

Rhizome(rhizoma): short internodes

  • Ferns, monocote(horizontal)
  • Dicots(vertical)

Stolon(stolo):elongated internodes, grasses ex

Bulb(bulbus): for monocot species, fleshy cataphylls, dry bracts

Tuber(tuber): thickened stem, storage function, forage importance

Bulbotuber: intermediate form, meadow saffron

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7
Q

What are the different types of leaves?

A

Cotyledon(seed leaf, embryonic leaf)

Remains in the soil, nutrient storage

Emerges above ground, photosynthesis

Important source of nutrients

Cataphylls

Scales on underground stems function in protection, storage ex onion bulb

Hypsophylls

Mainly floral bracts, funtion in protection of pollinator attractants-> highly specific

Foilage leaves w/petiole

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8
Q

describe the divisions of leaves

A

Undivided

Divided
- Palmately, pinnately

Depth of division ex lobed or parted

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9
Q

Heterophylly

A

Having dissimilar leaves on one plant

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10
Q

meantion a few leaf margins

A

Leaf margins

Entire, serrate, dentate

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11
Q

compound and single leaves

A

Single leaves

Compound leaves, the blade is divided into leaflets on the same petiole

  • Palmately
  • Pinnately(odd, even, bipinnate)
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12
Q

venations

A

Function: transport water and nutrients and strengthening

Types

Parallel(monocots)

Netted or reticulate(dicots)

  • Pinnate , tree-like but symmetric
  • Palmate, all come from same place at base of leaf
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13
Q

Phyllotaxis

A

Arrengement of leaves on the stem

Spiral: one leaf per node

Opposite: two leaves per node

Whorled: more than three leaves per nodes

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14
Q

Complete vs incomplete flowers:

A

non-reproductive leaves(petals, sepals and tepals)

vs.

gynoeceum (carpels), androeceum(stamens)

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15
Q

non-reprod. Leaves

A

Heteroclamydeus flower

Calix(sepals) and corolla(petals), majority of dicots

Homoiochlamideus flower

Perigonium consists of tepas – some dicots and all monocots

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16
Q

reproductive leaves

A

Staminate and pistillate structures present: bisexual

If these are seperated on different flowers: monosexual

On same induvidual: monoecious (one house)

Different induviduals: dioecious (two houses)

17
Q

The perianth – Calix

A

Consists of sepals

18
Q

corilla

A

Petals

Colorful – helps with pollination

19
Q

perigonium

A

Tepals

20
Q

androeceum

A

Stamens

Spiral or cyclic arrangement

Stalk=filament

21
Q

pollen

A

Specific surface pattern: pores, grooves, thickenings

Cell wall proteins: allergic reactions

22
Q

gynoeceum

A

Free carpels (gymnosperms) or fused to form hollow pistil: angiosperm

Stigma: receptive area for pollemn

Style: support the pollen tube

Ovules are attached to placenta in middle of ovary

23
Q

ovary position of flower

A

inferior, half inferior, superior

the position of the ovary in relation to the position of stamens, carpels, petals…

24
Q

seeds and embryo

A

Ovule -> seed

Integumentum -> seed coat

Zygote –> embryo

Endo and or perisperm: if it is lacking the embryo will store nutrients

25
Q

fruit = ovary

  • what is Parthenocarby
  • classification of fruit based on where they are made
  • classification of fruit based on what they are like
A
  1. Parthenocarby shows prod. Of fruit without fertilization of ovules

No seed/no viable seed ex banana

  1. Fruit from ovary only: true fruit

Fruit from ovary and other places: false fruit

Fruit formed from a cluster of flowers: multiply fruit

  1. Fleshy fruits

Mature fruit=fleshy fruit wall

Certain types used as forage ex pepo

Feed of game species

Dry fruits

Mature fruit has dry fruit wall

Ex nut used as forage

Fruit wall might lead to digestion problems

Capsule, nut and schizocarp types

26
Q

infloresence types

A

Racemose: decreasing size(towards apex) of infloresence
cymose: increasing size(towards apex) of infloresence

Solitary clusters(from many buds), real inflorescence(from one bud, branched structure.)

27
Q

No. Of flower elements:

A

dicots, 4,5(or multiplied) monocots: 3 or multiplies

28
Q

flower symmetry:

A

Zigomorphic/bilateral symmetry -

Bisymmetry +

Actinomorphic symmetry *

Asymmetric symmetry

29
Q

The ovules w/embryonic sac

A

nucleus perisperm is nutruitive tissue in n2 plants aka angiosperm ex amaranthaceae

nucleus endosperm (polar nuclei) is nutruitive tissue for n3 plants aka gymnosperms ex cereals

botany (7 decks)

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