A: topic 2 and 3 Flashcards
What are the different types of roots?
fibrous roots(prominent in monocots) and taproots(prominent in dicots)
(adventitious roots: develop from organs of the shoot system)
what are the different Interspecific modifications found in roots?
Myocorrizal roots
Root nodules
Haustorium
Aerial roots
what are buds and what are different types
Bud(gemma)=embryonic shoot
Types: Vegetative(emryonic stem and leaves), reproductive(embryonic flower), mixed
Function:
protectionof stoot apex-> bud scales
Vegetative bud of biennial species-> forage
what are the different stem types?
Woody stem types
Lignification: deposits of lignin in cell wall: decreasing digestibility
Trees, shrubs, subshrubs
Herbaceous stem types
Lignification is possible in older organs, determine the forage value
Common dicot stem: w/lateral branches and non-conspicuous nodes
Grass stem: in Poaceae family, hollow internodes, no lateral branches
Rosette: circular arrengment of leaves, short internodes
Sedge stem: for certain species of sour grasses, ex sedges, short internodes close to the ground spongy inner parts->low feeding value
what are the different types of modified stems above ground (4)
Stem tendril(cyrrus): simple(cucumber): climbing
Thorns(spina): simple (firethorn) or branched(honey locust); protection
Runner(sarmentum): elongated internodes(strawberry), vegetative reproduction, root /stem(?) above ground to form another plant
Succulent stem: cylindrical or spherical: water storage
what are the different types of modified stems below ground (6)
Generally storage starch or other carbs
Rhizome(rhizoma): short internodes
- Ferns, monocote(horizontal)
- Dicots(vertical)
Stolon(stolo):elongated internodes, grasses ex
Bulb(bulbus): for monocot species, fleshy cataphylls, dry bracts
Tuber(tuber): thickened stem, storage function, forage importance
Bulbotuber: intermediate form, meadow saffron
What are the different types of leaves?
Cotyledon(seed leaf, embryonic leaf)
Remains in the soil, nutrient storage
Emerges above ground, photosynthesis
Important source of nutrients
Cataphylls
Scales on underground stems function in protection, storage ex onion bulb
Hypsophylls
Mainly floral bracts, funtion in protection of pollinator attractants-> highly specific
Foilage leaves w/petiole
describe the divisions of leaves
Undivided
Divided
- Palmately, pinnately
Depth of division ex lobed or parted
Heterophylly
Having dissimilar leaves on one plant
meantion a few leaf margins
Leaf margins
Entire, serrate, dentate
compound and single leaves
Single leaves
Compound leaves, the blade is divided into leaflets on the same petiole
- Palmately
- Pinnately(odd, even, bipinnate)
venations
Function: transport water and nutrients and strengthening
Types
Parallel(monocots)
Netted or reticulate(dicots)
- Pinnate , tree-like but symmetric
- Palmate, all come from same place at base of leaf
Phyllotaxis
Arrengement of leaves on the stem
Spiral: one leaf per node
Opposite: two leaves per node
Whorled: more than three leaves per nodes
Complete vs incomplete flowers:
non-reproductive leaves(petals, sepals and tepals)
vs.
gynoeceum (carpels), androeceum(stamens)
non-reprod. Leaves
Heteroclamydeus flower
Calix(sepals) and corolla(petals), majority of dicots
Homoiochlamideus flower
Perigonium consists of tepas – some dicots and all monocots
reproductive leaves
Staminate and pistillate structures present: bisexual
If these are seperated on different flowers: monosexual
On same induvidual: monoecious (one house)
Different induviduals: dioecious (two houses)
The perianth – Calix
Consists of sepals
corilla
Petals
Colorful – helps with pollination
perigonium
Tepals
androeceum
Stamens
Spiral or cyclic arrangement
Stalk=filament
pollen
Specific surface pattern: pores, grooves, thickenings
Cell wall proteins: allergic reactions
gynoeceum
Free carpels (gymnosperms) or fused to form hollow pistil: angiosperm
Stigma: receptive area for pollemn
Style: support the pollen tube
Ovules are attached to placenta in middle of ovary
ovary position of flower
inferior, half inferior, superior
the position of the ovary in relation to the position of stamens, carpels, petals…
seeds and embryo
Ovule -> seed
Integumentum -> seed coat
Zygote –> embryo
Endo and or perisperm: if it is lacking the embryo will store nutrients
fruit = ovary
- what is Parthenocarby
- classification of fruit based on where they are made
- classification of fruit based on what they are like
- Parthenocarby shows prod. Of fruit without fertilization of ovules
No seed/no viable seed ex banana
- Fruit from ovary only: true fruit
Fruit from ovary and other places: false fruit
Fruit formed from a cluster of flowers: multiply fruit
- Fleshy fruits
Mature fruit=fleshy fruit wall
Certain types used as forage ex pepo
Feed of game species
Dry fruits
Mature fruit has dry fruit wall
Ex nut used as forage
Fruit wall might lead to digestion problems
Capsule, nut and schizocarp types
infloresence types
Racemose: decreasing size(towards apex) of infloresence
cymose: increasing size(towards apex) of infloresence
Solitary clusters(from many buds), real inflorescence(from one bud, branched structure.)
No. Of flower elements:
dicots, 4,5(or multiplied) monocots: 3 or multiplies
flower symmetry:
Zigomorphic/bilateral symmetry -
Bisymmetry +
Actinomorphic symmetry *
Asymmetric symmetry
The ovules w/embryonic sac
nucleus perisperm is nutruitive tissue in n2 plants aka angiosperm ex amaranthaceae
nucleus endosperm (polar nuclei) is nutruitive tissue for n3 plants aka gymnosperms ex cereals
