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Geography Paper 1 > (B) River Landcapes > Flashcards

(B) River Landcapes Flashcards

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1
Q

Erosion definition

A

Wearing away of land in a natural environment

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2
Q

4 processes of erosion

A

Hydraulic action
Corrasion/Abrasion
Solution/corrosion
Attrition

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3
Q

Hydraulic action definition

A

The force of water against the bed and banks

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4
Q

Corrasion/abrasion definition

A

Bed and banks are worn by the rivers load

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5
Q

Solution/corrosion definition

A

Chemical action of the river, where carbonic acids I the water dissolve the bed and banks

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6
Q

Attrition definition

A

The material load collide and are smoothed and broken down

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7
Q

4 methods of transportation

A

Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution

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8
Q

Traction definition

A

Heavy material rolls along the bed

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9
Q

Saltation definition

A

Material bounces along the river bed in the flow of the water

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10
Q

Suspension

A

Fine particles are carried by the water

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11
Q

Solution

A

Dissolve material e.g. calcium carbonate is within the water

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12
Q

What is the source of a river

A

The start of the river

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13
Q

What is a drainage basin

A

An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

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14
Q

What is a tributary

A

A small stream that joins a large river

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15
Q

What is a confluence

A

Where a tributary joins a large river

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16
Q

What is a watershed

A

The edge of a river/drainage basin

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17
Q

What is a rover mouth

A

The end of a river, as it meets the sea

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18
Q

Characteristics of V-Shaped valley and it’s river

A

Valley: Steep sided, v-shaped
River: Narrow, shallow, turbulent

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19
Q

Characteristics of a flood plain and the river within it

A

Valley: Wider, flatter floor
River: Wider, deeper

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20
Q

3 factors that distinguish how much load a river can carry

A

The discharge
The velocity
Rock types

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21
Q

Formula to work out discharge

A

Discharge =

Cross sectional area x velocity

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22
Q

Examples of landforms found in upper course of a river

A

Interlocking spurs
Rapids
Waterfalls
Gorges

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23
Q

What are interlocking spurs

A

Projections of high land either side of the river, formed by fluvial erosion

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24
Q

What are rapids

A

Turbulent sections of a river where the gradient is relatively steep
It’s caused by different rocks on the river bed resulting in an uneven bed when eroded

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25
Q

What is a waterfall

A

A vertical drop in the river bed where water goes into a plunge pool
It’s caused by softer rock being eroded more than the hard rock it is next to

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26
Q

What are gorges

A

A recession found immediately downstream of a waterfall

It is a narrow steep sided valley created by the river eroding rock between it

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27
Q

Main characteristics of upper course

A

Long profile is steep

Cross profile is steep

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28
Q

Landforms found in middle course

A

Meanders

Oxbow lakes

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29
Q

What is a meander

A

A turn in a river
Caused by faster current on the outside of the bend where the river channel is deeper eroding (fluvial) it to form a cliff, whilst load is deposited on inside bend causing slip off slope

30
Q

What are ox-bow lakes

A

When Menanders become larger the outside bends get closer, eventually the river eroded the small bit of land between and the water follows the shortest course.
Deposition cuts of the meander forming the ox-bow lake

31
Q

Landforms found in the lower course of a river

A

Flood plains
Levees
Estuary

32
Q

What are flood plains

A

A wide valley floor on either side of the river.
When a river floods it deposits material here making it higher, also meanders move across it making it wider
Deposition on slip off slopes builds up a flood plain

33
Q

What are levees

A

Natural embankments along the edges of a river channel
They are formed because when a river floods, the heaviest material is deposited closest to the river, causing the embankment to be built over time

34
Q

What is an estuary

A

Funnel shaped mouth of a river where it meets the sea

35
Q

Where are mudflats found

A

At estuaries

36
Q

What is a mud flat

A

Made up of sediment deposited because of reduced velocity of water where the river meets the sea

37
Q

Long profile of upper course

A

Steep

38
Q

Cross profile of upper course

A

Steep, V-Shaped valley

39
Q

Processes of erosion in upper course

A

Vertical
Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Solution

40
Q

Processes of transportation in upper course

A

Traction

Saltation

41
Q

Typical load size in upper course

A

Large

42
Q

Long profile of middle course

A

Less steep

43
Q

Cross profile of middle course

A

Wider, deeper channel

Flat valley floor

44
Q

Processes of erosion in middle course

A

Lateral
Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Solution

45
Q

Processes of transportation in middle course

A

Saltation
Traction
Suspension

46
Q

Typical load size in middle course

A

Reduced, more deposition in meanders

47
Q

Long profile of lower course

A

Gentle/flat

48
Q

Cross profile of lower course

A

Wide

Flat valley bottom

49
Q

Processes of erosion

A

Little amount of lateral erosion

50
Q

Processes of transportation

A

Suspension is dominant

51
Q

Typical load size in lower course

A

Very small

52
Q

How can geology increase flood risk

A

Impermeable rock with little interception above increase the chance
Opposite for permeable rock

53
Q

How can relief increase flood risk

A

Flat land has not enough gradient to remove water

Land with high gradient may direct all water to another area

54
Q

2 examples of human causes of flooding

A

Urbanisation

Deforestation

55
Q

Examples of urbanisation causing flooding

A

New housing- on flood plains and surrounded by impermeable roads.
Relayed gardens - more impermeable surfaces for driveways

56
Q

Examples of deforestation causing flooding

A

Forestry - to get wood
Losing fields - e.g. for solar panels
Farming - hedges ripped out to create larger fields

57
Q

What is a hydrograph

A

Shows how a rivers discharge changes to a precipitation event

58
Q

What is lag time

A

The time between peak rainfall and the peak discharge of the river

59
Q

What is the falling limb

A

When the amount of water reaching the river is decreasing

60
Q

What is peak discharge

A

The maximum level of the river

61
Q

What is a rising limb

A

When the amount of water reaching a river is increasing

62
Q

What is peak rainfall

A

The maximum amount of rain that falls in a storm

63
Q

2 examples of hard engineering

A

Embankments

Flood relief channels

64
Q

What are embankments

A

Artificially risen river banks to increase the volume of water that can be held

65
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of embankments

A

They can create attractive scenic walkways and reduce flooding
They’re not as reliable as river can still flood

66
Q

What are flood-relief channels

A

A backup channel running alongside the river, that is opened at times of peak discharge

67
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of flood-relief channels

A

Can provide nature reserves

Settlements downstream may suffer

68
Q

2 examples of soft engineering

A

Planting trees

River restoration

69
Q

What is planting trees

A

Shelter belts of trees are placed on flood plains to intercept rain

70
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of planting trees

A

They reduce surface runoff so less water reaches the river

Loss of potential grazing land

71
Q

What is river restoration

A

When a previously engineered river is restored to a natural channel

72
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of river restoration

A

Increases water storage and is aesthetically pleasing

Can be expensive and may not be effective

Geography Paper 1 (11 decks)

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