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Geography Paper 1 > (A) Hazards > Flashcards

(A) Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Natural hazards definition

A

When a natural event (something that would happen without man kind) interferes with and affects human life.

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2
Q

4 Types of natural hazard

A

Tectonic
Atmospheric
Geomorphological
Biological

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3
Q

Tectonic definition and examples

A

To do with changes and movements in tectonic plates
Earthquakes
Tsunamis
Volcanoes

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4
Q

Atmospheric definition and examples

A

To do with extreme of weather
Hurricanes
Drought
Snow storms

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5
Q

Geomorphological definition and examples

A

Something that occurs on the earths surface
Flooding
Landslides
Avalanches

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6
Q

Biological definition and examples

A

Involving living organisms
Forest fires
Spread of disease

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7
Q

Why are some natural hazards difficult to categorize

What’s an example of this

A

One can occur due to more than one event
For example tsunami may happen because of an earthquake, but also due to a landslide, making it both tectonic and geomorphological

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8
Q

2 Factors effecting hazard risk

A

Where you live on earth

Global warming

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9
Q

3 types of plate margins

A

Constructive boundary
Destructive boundary
Conservative boundary

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10
Q

Constructive boundary definition

A

Two plates move away from each other, so magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap. This eventually cools to form new crust. Thus volcanoes are formed.

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11
Q

Destructive boundary definition

A

Two plates move toward each other. The oceanic plate is denser so sinks under continental plate and is destroyed. Deep ocean tranches are formed and volcanoes are at the surface. When the plates stick, pressure builds up and a sudden release causes an earthquake.

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12
Q

Conservative boundary definition

A

Plates move past each other sideways, if the 2 plates stick pressure will build up, and a sudden release caused an earthquake.

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13
Q

Describe distribution of earthquakes

A

Most frequently distributed in belts/lines, this is because they are found along plate boundaries.
Some are found around Pacific Ocean on the ring of fire in countries such as Japan , china, and chile (75%).
There are also clusters in east Africa, whilst others are frequently dispersed around the world.

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14
Q

What is the focus

A

The place where the earthquake has occurred underground

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15
Q

What is the epicentre

A

The closest point to the focus (directly above)

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16
Q

Why do some earthquakes cause more destruction than others

A

Population density
Poor countries have poorly built buildings and few emergency facilities/equipment
Depth of focus
Magnitude of earthquake (richter scale)

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17
Q

Definition and example of primary effects of earthquakes

A

The immediate damaged caused
Collapsing bridges/buildings/roads
Death/injury
Panic and shock of people affected

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18
Q

Definition and example of secondary effects of earthquakes

A 
After effects of an earthquake
Fires caused by broken cables
Tsunamis, Landslides, avalanches 
Economic impacts
Disease, famine
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19
Q

Definition and examples of immediate responses

A 
Short term responses that occur during the following days of an earthquake 
Hide under tables
Evacuation 
Emergency aid
Search/rescue teams
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20
Q

Definition and examples of long term responses to earthquakes

A 
Occur for the next few months or even years, and schemes/plans are put in place
Rebuilding programs (hospitals, schools, houses)
Reconstruction of roads and bridges
Reconstruction of electricity lines
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21
Q

How can risk of earthquake activity be reduced ( 3 p’s)

A

Predict (by monitoring)
Preparation/planning
Protection

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22
Q

How can an earthquake be predicted

A

Geologists can identify when plates haven’t moved for a long time
Small foreshocks before main quake occurs which can be measured by seismographs
Small cracks appear in rocks
Animal behavior
Using historical evidence

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23
Q

How can you prepare for an earthquake

A

Radio and tv stations ready to give out advice
Emergency plan to help injured
Hospitals etc. not built in earthquake zones
Schools rehearse drills
Architects follow rules for safe buildings

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24
Q

How to protect from an earthquake

A

Build earthquake proof buildings

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25
Q

Characteristics of earthquake proof buildings

A 
Weights on roof to refuse movement
Steal frames that sway with earth
Window shutters to prevent falling glass
Open areas for people to assemble when evacuated
Foundations sunk deep into bed rock
Roads providing quick access
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26
Q

3 names for tropical storms, and why they are called them

A

Hurricanes- found in USA and Caribbean
Cyclones- found in Asia and Australia
Typhoon - found in the Philippines

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27
Q

6 steps for formation of tropical storm

A 
Storm on the warm ocean
Air drawn to centre of the storm
Evaporation
Warm air rises and cools
Air condenses to form clouds
15-20km above sea, winds spiral outwards
28
Q

Why do tropical storms spin

A

Warm air rises, and the Coriolis effect causes air to bend and spin.
In northern hemisphere they bend right so swirl anti-clockwise, but in southern bend left so swirl clockwise

29
Q

What happens when storms hit land

A

They lose all energy that come from sea
Friction reduces speed
However they still travel 100-200 miles

30
Q

4 ways of reducing effects of tropical storms

A

Planning
Monitoring
Prediction
Protection

31
Q

Ways to plan for tropical storms

A 
Prepare disaster supply kits
Fuel in vehicles
Knowing where shelters are
Storing loose objects
Pre-family planning
32
Q

Ways to monitor tropical storms

A

Global hawk drones have on board radars and microwaves that help scientists understand more about the formation of storms, helping them to forecast storms
Satellites do the same thing

33
Q

Ways to predict tropical storms

A

All weather data can be fed into a supercomputer which run models to predict the path and intensity of possible storms

34
Q

Way to protect from tropical storms

A

Install hurricane straps in walls
Install emergency generator and shutters
Tie down wind-borne objects
Remove trees in surrounding area

35
Q

Weather definition

A

Day to day changes in lower atmosphere

36
Q

Climate definition

A

The average weather over a 30?year period of time which doesn’t include extremes

37
Q

Extreme weather definition

A

This is when a weather even is significantly different from the average or usual weather pattern

38
Q

5 examples of UK extreme weather

A 
Thunderstorms 
Heavy snowfall
Strong winds
Prolonged rainfall
Drought/heat wave
39
Q

Reasons why people live in areas at risk from tectonic hazard

A
  • can’t afford to move
  • have good job there (farming can be better near to volcanoes due to minerals in soil)
  • have family and friends there
40
Q

How can scientists discover temperatures from hundreds of thousands of years ago?

A
  • Drill in to ice to collects ice deep down from thousand of years ago
  • In this ice are bubbles containing Co2
  • The amount of Co2 gives us a rough idea of what the temperature was in that period
41
Q

What evidence is there that climate change may be natural

A

There have been peaks of interglacials (warm temperatures) approximately every 100,000 years for the last 400,000 years.
It is possible we are in one of these natural peaks

42
Q

3 reasons we know climate change has occurred

A
  • Melting ice - see ice in the arctic thinned 65% since 1975
  • Seasonal changes - plant and animal species behavior has changed, bird migration times have changed and studies in 90’s show birds nested 9 days earlier than in 1970
  • Sea level rise - risen 10-20cm in last 100 years, due to melting ice
43
Q

3 physical causes of climate change

A
  • Sunspots
  • Volcanic eruptions
  • Angle of earths tilt (due to gravitational pull of moon)
44
Q

How do sunspots add to climate change

A

Sun throws out heat which if it occurs a lot, can cause our planet to warm up

45
Q

How can volcanic eruptions add to climate change

A

They release sulphuric dioxide and carbon dioxide
When So2 mixes with water vapor it acts as a shield and reflect sunlight
Co2 traps suns heat in earths atmosphere

46
Q

How does the angle of the earths tilt add to climate change (due to gravitational pull of moon)

A

When the tilt increases, the climate is exaggerated (winters are colder, summer are hotter)
Earth also moves in an ellipse, so distance between it and the sun changes
If it is closes to the sun the climate is hotter

47
Q

5 steps of the greenhouse effect

A
  • sun provides energy for earth (some is unable to pass through atmosphere but most does)
  • earths surface absorbs energy so warms up the planet
  • some is reflected into atmosphere in the form of infra-red rays
  • some is released out of atmosphere, but most is trapped due to greenhouse gasses (Co2)
  • this heats up atmosphere by keeping energy in, which is known as the greenhouse effect
48
Q

3 human causes of climate change

A

Burning fossil fuels
Agricultural activity
Deforestation

49
Q

How does burning fossil fuels cause climate change

A

This process releases greenhouse gasses such as Co2

50
Q

How does agricultural activity cause climate change

A

Before reaching our plates, our food is produced, stored, processed, packaged, transported, prepared, and served. At every stage, food provisioning releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

51
Q

How does deforestation cause climate change

A

Less trees to take in Co2
When trees are cut down Co2 is released
Machinery used release Co2 for fossil fuels

52
Q

Positive environmental impacts of climate change

A

Crop yields in Europe to increase (however they will then need more irrigation/water)

53
Q

Negative environmental impacts of climate change

A

Decrease in coral reefs as water is more acidic due to Co2, causing coral bleaching
Extended droughts in parts of the world could cause loss of vegetation, therefore wildlife and plants would be effected

54
Q

Positive economic impacts of climate change

A

Crop yields in Europe increase therefore more profit can be generated by farmers

55
Q

Negative economical impacts of climate change

A

Less snow on mountains, tourism on Alps, Switzerland, at interlaken skiing resort could be effected
In America, maize yields may fall by 12%

56
Q

2 ways of managing climate change

A

Mitigation

Adaptation

57
Q

What mitigation is and 4 key strategies of mitigation

A

Reduce the cause of climate change

  • Use renewable energy source
  • Re-afforestation (plant more trees)
  • Carbon capture (catch any carbon that is produced and store it underground)
  • International agreement (climate conference in Paris)
58
Q

What adaptation to climate change is and 3 key strategies of adaptation

A

Responding to the changes

  • building coastal protection to protect from rising sea levels
  • change agricultural systems (drought resistant crops)
  • manage water supplies (get water to places quickly during drought)
59
Q

How many tones of Co2 is produced by burning fossil fuels per year

A

21.3 billion tones

60
Q

Why is nitrous oxide worse than Co2 when released into atmosphere

A

It is 300 times more effective at capturing heat then Co2

61
Q

How much more effective are forest at absorbing Co2 than crops

A

100 times more effective

62
Q

How much forest is destroyed per year

A

28,000 square miles

63
Q

How much has the amount of Co2 in the atmosphere increased since 1750

A

31%

64
Q

What percentage of global warming is caused by methane release from livestock

A

20%

65
Q

How much Co2 could be caught due to carbon capture

A

90% of all Co2 released

66
Q

What percentage of Co2 emissions are released through use of fossil fuels

A

87% (this shows that it is more effective than natural causes of climate change)

Geography Paper 1 (11 decks)

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