B. Papers and Boards Flashcards
How is paper measured?
GSM (grams/square metre)
Layout paper
Properties: Medium opacity sheet with a smooth finish
Weight: 60-90 GSM
Uses: Sketch and design work
Tracing paper
Properties: Off white, low opacity sheet
Weight: 60-90 GSM
Uses: Copying, overlays and tracing drawings
Cartridge paper
Properties: Thick white paper with a textured surface
Weight: 120-150 GSM
Uses: Sketching. watercolours, ink drawings
Bleed proof paper
Properties: Thick coated paper that prevents inks from bleeding
Weight: 120-150 GSM
Uses: High quality illustrations with colour richness and vibrancy
Grid paper
Properties: White paper with a printed grid of squares, isometric lines or other patterns
Weight: 80-100 GSM
Uses: Scale models, scientific drawings, model making
Grid paper
Properties: White paper with a printed grid of squares, isometric lines or other patterns
Weight: 80-100 GSM
Uses: Scale models, scientific drawings, model making
What is card’s weight range?
200-350 GSM
Corrugated card
Properties: Two layers of lightweight card containing a fluted layer for strength. Fully degradable and recyclable
Uses: Packaging for impact protection
Foam core
Properties: An inner foam core with a paper face. Rigid and stiff
Uses: Model making, mounting artworks
Ink Jet
Properties: Treated card with smooth, bleed-proof printable surface
Uses: Printing photographs and artwork
Foil-lined board
Properties: Card coated with aluminium foil on one side. Foil retains heat, keeping the contents warm and creating a moisture barrier
Uses: Takeaway containers
Duplex board
Properties: Two layers of card bonded together, with a white external layer. Tough with a bright white appearance
Uses: Suitable for packaging. Used with a waxy coating for food and drink containers
Solid White board
Properties: High quality board, brilliant white smooth finish on both sides
Uses: Greetings cards, quality packaging and book covers
What is the paper making process?
- Source material
- Pulp
- Sizing
- Pulp to paper
- Calendering
Describe Step 1 of the paper making process
- Source material
- Trees or grasses are cut and taken to a paper mill.
- Timber is debarked and chipped
Describe Step 2 of the paper making process
- Pulp
- Chips are added to a chemical solution and cooked to separate the cellulose fibres
- The pulp is pounded and squeezed; chemicals are added to alter the opacity
- The end liquid is then bleached or dyed to the desired colour
Describe Step 3 of the paper making process
- Sizing
- Liquid pulp is mixed with additives to produce different types of paper finishes
- This affects the absorbency of the product
Describe Step 4 of the paper making process
- Pulp to paper
- Pulp is fed onto a mesh conveyor
- It is passed through a series of rollers to remove excess water
Describe Step 5 of the paper making process
- Calendering
- The paper passes through calender rollers which give the paper its final finish
Why are softwoods more eco-friendly for making paper pulp
- Softwood trees grow more quickly and absorb more CO2 during their growth period
- The output of paper pulp per hectare is higher over time
Properties of paper towels
Treated with resins to retain the towel’s structure when wet to prevent tearing and increase absorbency
Properties of baking parchment
The pulp is passed through a bath of sulfuric acid to gelatinise the surface and make it stick
Properties of white board
Stiff board with a waxy coating or laminated with polyethylene makes it suitable as a container for take-away food
What are the three stock forms for paper?
Ply, rolls and sheets
What is ply?
Ply contains layered sheets, often in rolls
What are rolls?
Rolls for continuous run are used by the print industry for high volume printing, such as books or newspapers
What are sheets?
Sheet form is used for office and domestic use, digital printing and art supplies
What is the International Standards Organisation (ISO)?
The A series of paper is defined by the ISO 216 standard
What is Saddle Stich binding?
Used for think books or notebooks. Threads or staples bind the paper together.
Fast and cheap method for mass production
What is Section Sewn binding?
Printed, folded sheets are sewn together to produce a high quality and secure form of binding.
Commonly used in hardback books
What is Perfect binding?
Pages are folded and glued into the cover sheet to form a spine.
Used for softcover books
What is a Comb/Spiral binding?
A binding machine punches multiple holes into a stack of paper. The comb or spiral is fed through the holes to hold the document together.
What is a Side binder?
Durable, plastic spine bars with slide over the edges of a stack of paper
What are Split Pin fasteners?
Placed into a punched hole. The brass legs are then separated and bent over to secure the paper together
What are Binder Clip fasteners?
Metal clip that holds sheets of paper together, keeping them intact.
Handles can be folded flat for stacking or upright for hanging.
What are Staples?
A durable metal fastener that attach sheets of paper together
What is a paper clip?
Steel wire is bent into a loop to create two tongues which hold sheets of paper between them
What is a tamper proof sticker?
Labels that self-destruct when they are peeled. Useful for valuable packages
What is a Peel and seal envelope?
Peel off the strip to reveal the adhesive and seal the envelope shut
What is a wax seal?
A dot of melted wax seals the paper. The wax hardens quickly, forming a hard bond.
What is a gummed envelope?
A strip of water-soluble glue on the edge of envelope flap. It is activated by licking or moistening
What is screen printing used to do?
- To create bold prints for posters and artwork
- Printing on fabrics and t-shirt design
Steps for screen printing
- A frame is covered with tight mesh - the screen
- Chosen design is set onto the mesh with a light-reactive emulsion which hardens under bright light
- Printing ink is poured over the screen and pressed through the mesh to create a print design on the paper or fabric below.
- It can be used multiple times; suitable for batches
What materials can be used in flexography?
Plastics, cellophane and metallic film
What is flexography used for?
Flexible packaging, gift wrap, textiles, carrier bags and wallpaper
How does flexography work?
Uses rolls of substrate to print high quantities without interruption. Uses CMYK
What is gravure used for?
Postage stamps, catalogues, greeting cards and high-volume advertising
How does gravure printing work?
Gravure acid-etches an image on the surface of the metal printing surface.
The etched areas (cells) hold the ink that is transferred to the printable surface
What is embossing used for?
- To add a high-quality finish to luxury card and paper products
- Braille labelling on medicines
What is offset lithography used for?
High volume print runs such as books, magazines and newspapers
How does offset lithography work?
- Water rollers apply a water-based film to the non-image areas
- Ink rollers transfer the ink onto the image areas
- The inked image is transferred from the printing surface to a rubber blanket
- The image is then transferred onto a flat printing surface.
What is a varnishing finish?
- Applies a clear coating to a printed surface
- Usually used to prevent rubbing or scuffing
When is a varnishing finish used?
Magazines, postcards, playing cards
What is a UV varnishing finish?
A gloss or matt coating to pick out a feature, such as a logo on a business card. It is dried instantly under UV light, so no solvents enter the atmosphere
What is lamination?
A thin transparent plastic coating to the surface of printed material. It provides protection from grease, moisture and can be single or double sided.
Where is lamination used?
Paperback books, menus and maps
