B 2 x

Question 1

What in most human and animal cells

Answer 1

nucleus: controls activities of cell and contains genetic info (DNA)
cytoplasm: liquid mixture where most chemical reactions take place (catalysed by enzymes to speed up desired reactions)
cell membrane: controls passage of substances in and out of cell
mitochondria: use oxygen and sugars to release energy for cell in aerobic
ribosomes: protein synthesis occurs using aa

Question 2

Plant and algal cells

Answer 2

cell wall: cellulose, strength, protenction
chloroplasts: absorb light energy to make food, contain chlorophyll, green
large permanent vacuole: filled with cell sap for storage and keep cell shape

Question 3

Bacterial cell

Answer 3

single celled organisms, less than 1ym
cytoplasm
cell membrane
cell wall
Bacterial chromosome: genes not in distinct nucleus 
Plasmid extra loops of DNA
Flagellum: lash to move
Slime capusle: added protection

Question 4

Yeast

Answer 4

single celled fungs, 3-4ym
nucleus
cytoplasm
membrane
cell wall
vacuole
food storage granule

Question 5

What form organisms

Answer 5

tissues are aggregations of similar cells
organs aggregations of tissues performing specific physiological functions
organs organised in organ systems
work together to form organisms

Question 6

Tissue

Answer 6

group of cells with similar structure and function

Question 7

Eg of tissues and specific to stomach

Answer 7

muscular: contract to bring about movement, chrun contents
glandular: produce substances like enzymes and hormones, produce digestive juices
epithelial tissue: covers some part of body, cover out and in of stomach

Question 8

Glands

Answer 8

pancreas and salivary glands, prod digestive juices

Question 9

Green plants and algae obtain raw materials to make food from

Answer 9

air (CO2) and soil (H2O)

Question 10

What happen to glucose

Answer 10

converted into insoluble starch/glycogen, intial in leaf for darkness then root tubers as soluble so would affect osmosis
prod fat/oil for storage, build cell membranes
prod cellulose (undigested part of diet fibre), strengthen cell wall
prod proteins by using nitrate ions

Question 11

Physical factors affect organisms

Answer 11

temp
availability of nutrients: plants longer root outcomplete
amount of light: measured with light meter in lux, tall plants outcompete
availability of water
availability of O2 and CO2

Question 12

Proteins act as

Answer 12

structural components of tissues like muscles
hormones
antibodies
catalysts

Question 13

Biological detergents contain temp con

Answer 13

lipase
protease
more effective at low temp
costly

Question 14

Energy released in respiration used for

Answer 14

build larger molecules from smaller
contract muscles in animals
body temp in cold in birds and mammals
build sugar, nitrates, nutrients, to proteins in plants

Question 15

Reproductive organs

Answer 15

testes

ovaries

Question 16

When differentiate

Answer 16

animals early stage
plant cell retain ability all life
stem cells: human embryos and adult bone marrow to nerver cells, help paralysis

Question 17

DNA

Answer 17

deoxyribo nucleic acid

double helix structure

Question 18

Polydactyly

Answer 18

extra fingers or toes

dominant allele

Question 19

Specialised cells

Answer 19

add. features to perform certain gunctions

Question 20

Differentiation

Answer 20

ability of multi-cellular organisms to give certain cells certain jobs

Question 21

What affects rate of diffusion

Answer 21

temp: increase KE
distance
SA
diff con

Question 22

Purpose of digestive system

Answer 22

break down insoluble molecules to soluble so can be absorbed and used by cells

Question 23

Oxygen test

Answer 23

collect bubbles of gas, light glowing splint

Question 24

Limiting factor

Answer 24

when in short supply, prevent plant from growing faster

Question 25

Iodine test

Answer 25

yellow brown react with starch blue black, waxy cuticle prevent iodine entering, green mask colour change leaf prepared by boiling in ethanol then hot water to soften

Question 26

Greenhouse and polytunnels control conditions

Answer 26

s

Question 27

Hydroponics

Answer 27

plants growing in water with perfect balance of mineral ions so nothing slow down growth fast turnover, high profit crops clean and unspoilt no ploughing of land, poor expensive

Question 28

Random quantative sampling

Answer 28

``` compare 2 areas area A, mark grid with tape measure comp random coordinates, avoid bias place quadrat at coordinate and measure variable repeat in area B bar graph ```

Question 29

Enzymes

Answer 29

fold into shape with hole - active site shape of it allow reactants' substrate to fit in it 2 shapes complimentary: energy substrate complex build large from small molecules, break down large

Question 30

Protein

Answer 30

polymer formed from aa (monomer) chain

Question 31

Biological detergents pros and cons

Answer 31

faster reaction lower temp, save energy cheap to grow microorganisms expensive to extract enzyme and control pH need to be supplied with O2 and remove waste profucts

Question 32

Stem cells pros and cons

Answer 32

``` reconnect damaged spinal nerves grow new organs for transplant treat conditions like infertility embryos used instead of thrown away possible to use embryonic stem cells from umbilical so not harm embryo ``` ethical, religious expensive: use money elsewhere experinemtal, risk

Question 33

CF treatments

Answer 33

physiotherapy, clear mucus lungs antibiotics enzymes to thin mucus

Question 34

Homozygous

Answer 34

genotype where both alleles same for particular gene

Question 35

Genotype and pheno

Answer 35

genetic makeup | physical characteristics, determined by geno

Question 36

Mitosis

Answer 36

create more cells, each genetically identical new copies of chromosomes in nucleus (double) 2 gen id daughter cells

Question 37

Meiosis

Answer 37

mitosis and separate into 4 daughter cells | each with half no chromosmes