axial skeleton

Question 1

how many bones are in the axial skeleton?

Answer 1

80

Question 2

what does the axial skeleton consist of?

Answer 2

the skull, vertebrae column, thoracic cage

Question 3

what are the sets of bones in the skull?

Answer 3

the cranial bones and the facial bones

Question 4

what are the cranial bones?

Answer 4

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid

Question 5

what are the facial bones?

Answer 5

mandible, maxillary, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, vomer, inferior nasal conchae

Question 6

what bones make up the nasal cavity?

Answer 6

ethmoid, palatine, maxillary, inferior nasal conchae

Question 7

what do the paranasal sinuses do?

Answer 7

they’re air filled mucosa lined spaces that enhance resonance of voice, lighten the skull, and are found in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones.

Question 8

what curvatures does the vertebral column have?

Answer 8

two posteriorly convex curvatures on the cervical and lumbar with two posteriorly convex curvatures on the thoracic and sacral as well

Question 9

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

Answer 9

7, vertebrae of the neck

Question 10

how many thoracic vertebrae are there?

Answer 10

12, vertebrae of the thoracic cage

Question 11

how many lumbar vertebrae are there”

Answer 11

5, vertebrae of the lower back

Question 12

what is the general structure of vertebrae?

Answer 12

body or centrum, vertebral arch, vertebral foramina, intervertebral foramina.

Question 13

what is the sacrum and coccyx?

Answer 13

5 fused vertebrae that forms the posterior wall of the pelvis, and articulates with L5 superiorly and with auricular surfaces of the hip bones laterally

Question 14

what does the sternum consist of?

Answer 14

manubrium (top), Body (middle), diploid process (bottom)

Question 15

which ribs are true ribs?

Answer 15

pairs 1-7 which attach directly to the sternum by individual cartilages

Question 16

which ribs are false?

Answer 16

pairs 8-12 which attach indirectly to the sternum by joining costal cartilage of rib above

Question 17

what are floating ribs and which ones are they?

Answer 17

ribs 11-12 which have no attachment to the sternum

Question 18

what’s the purpose of bone markings?

Answer 18

they’re sites of muscle and ligament attachment, projections that help to form joints, or passageways for veins, arteries, nerves, etc.

Question 19

what are the different types of cartilage growth?

Answer 19

appositional, interstitial, calcification

Question 20

what is appositional cartilage growth?

Answer 20

cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Question 21

what is interstitial cartilage growth?

Answer 21

chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within

Question 22

what is the function of bones?

Answer 22

storage of minerals, creation of RBC, triglyceride storage (energy storage)

Question 23

what is the microscopic bone structure?

Answer 23

osteons which consist of weight bearing column tubes called lamella, then the central canal which houses blood vessels and nerves.
they also consist of perforating canals, lacunae, and canaliculi.

Question 24

what is the organic chemical composition of bone?

Answer 24

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoids

Question 25

what are osteoid?

Answer 25

ground substance made up of proteoglycans and glycoproteins, and collagen fibers

Question 26

what is the inorganic composition of bone?

Answer 26

hydroxyapatite’s (mineral salts), calcium phosphate crystals, responsible for hardness and resistance to compression

Question 27

what happens when the parathyroid gland releases PTH?

Answer 27

stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca, which in turn increases blood ca levels

Question 28

what happens when calcitonin is released?

Answer 28

blood Ca levels rise, parafollicular cells release calcitonin which allows for osteoblasts to deposit calcium salts, decreases blood Ca levels.

Question 29

what are the responses of mechanical stress?

Answer 29

Wolffs law: a bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it