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Infect & Immune 2 AW, DJT & ISB > AW L2 Influenza > Flashcards

AW L2 Influenza Flashcards

'flu' - influenza virus HA - hemogglutanin

1
Q

What type of virus is flu?

A

Orthomyxovirus

enveloped

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2
Q

What type of genetic info is in flu?

A

ssRNA

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3
Q

What receptors does flu recognise?

A

Sialic acid receptors

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4
Q

Important viral components: (4)

A 
----
Antigenic:
Hemagglutinin
Neuraminidase
vRNA
----
Non-structural protein
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5
Q

What is transcribed when flu enters host?

A

NFkB

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6
Q

NFkB causes expression of what (3)

A

TNA alpha
IFN beta
IL-8

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7
Q

after initial infection cells continue to….

A

keep the Th1 response cycle going by producing more inflammatory cytokines

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8
Q

List the cytokines involved in the Th1 response

A 
IFNγ
TNFα
IL-2
IL-3
IL-8
IL-12
IL-18
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9
Q

Flu effect on IFN binding

A

inhibits

& inhibits functions of interferon-induced proteins

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10
Q

Flu effect on MHC ecpression

A

inhibits expression of MHC I and MHC II

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11
Q

Flu inhibits or activates apoptosis

A

inhibits

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12
Q

Flu inhibits or activates NK function

A

inhibits

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13
Q

Long term host response from IFNγ production

A

boost chemokine gene expression
activates macrophages
antigen presentation
continual development of specific cell-mediated immunity

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14
Q

Th2 response involves what ILs?

A

4,5,6
10
13
25

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15
Q

Long term flu response results in …………….. T cell

A

stimulated

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16
Q

Long term flu response results in …………… B cell

A

matured

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17
Q

Long term flu response results in ……………….. production

A

Antigen specific IgG

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18
Q

“antigen”

A

a molecule that provokes a specific immune response

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19
Q

Antigen may be a component of….

A

microorganism

proteins/glycoproteins on RBC/transplanted tissue cells

20
Q

A single protein may have many antigenic determinants called

A

epitopes - each stimulate a distinct immune response

21
Q

Immunity can be acquired in 2 ways:

A

Active

Passive

22
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

results from obtaining another individuals antibodies (across placenta)

23
Q

What is active immunity?

A

results from activation of an individuals own lymphocytes

24
Q

2 ways to get active immunity

A

pathogen or vaccination

25
Q

Primary immune response is…

A

first encounter with the foreign antigen

26
Q

In primary response are all cells activated?

A

No - only a few B or T cells recognise the antigen

27
Q

In secondary immune response who recognises the antigen?

A

Large clone of memory cells

and the immune response is more effective

28
Q

Subtypes of flu are distinguished by….

A

the antigenic properties of HA and NA

29
Q

How many
-HA
-NA
subtypes are found in influenza type A (in humans)

A

3,2

H1, H2, H3
N1, N2

30
Q

Antigenic drift is….

A

gradual accumulation of mutations that allow HA to escape neutralizing antibodies

31
Q

Epidemic strains are thought to have changes in ……………………… antigenic sites

A

3 +

32
Q

Antibodies are raised against antigenic sites on what part of the flu?

A

HA

33
Q

A specific vaccine needs to be produced against each ……………… of flu

A

serotype

34
Q

Do drugs need to be selective for serotype?

A

No - active against all BUT no lasting protection

35
Q

Other problems with drugs against vaccines?

A

resistance

36
Q

Advantage of drugs over vaccines

A

can stockpile - vaccines need to be produced in time

37
Q

What does a flu vaccine contain?

A

Trivalent Inactivated Vaccine

combination of two As and one B

38
Q

How is vaccine administered

A

IM

39
Q

How to grow a vaccine

A 
Co-infect chicken eggs with strain and A/PR/8/34
Select seed strain
Propagation of seed strain
Purification
Treatment
40
Q

How do we purify the vaccine?

A

Zonal centrifugation

41
Q

What are the 3 treatment options and what do the produce?

A

Formaldehyde - inactivated vaccine
ethyl ether - split vaccine
Detergents & purification of HA - subunit vaccine

42
Q

How long does it take to make a vaccine(ish)?

A

9 months

43
Q

3 disadvantages of egg propagation

A

time consuming
expensive
incompatible with High Path avian influenza strains (kills the egg)

44
Q

Flu A or B is more prevalent in children?

A

B

45
Q

Live attenuated vaccines are administered via

A

nasal spray

46
Q

How are live attenuated vaccines made

A

cold-adapted influenza viruses propagated by infection of cells in culture and manufactured in eggs

47
Q

Live attenuated vaccine induces…

A

neutralising and mucosal antibodies - but the extent to which it induces t cell immunity is not yet known

Infect & Immune 2 AW, DJT & ISB (9 decks)

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