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Exotics > Avian A&P > Flashcards

Avian A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Bird urine?

A

Bird urine?

.Birds excrete uric acid and urates which are based on ammonia rather than urine which is based on urea.

.They do not pass out faeces as such but what are called “droppings”.

.All nitrogenous waste enters and is stored in a section of the cloaca until ready for egestion.

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2
Q

Bird caecum?

A

Bird caecum?

.Birds possess two caeca (plural of caecum).

.Caeca - these are two pouches that connect the small and large intestine together.

.They are larger in herbivores and granivores.

.Their function is to absorb some of the remaining water in the food.

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3
Q

Bird beak?

A

Bird beak?

.Birds do not have teeth, so they use their beaks instead of teeth.

.It breaks up the food into smaller pieces to make it easier to swallow but can eat their food whole.

.As the beak is not as efficient as teeth, birds have a crop in which small stones and grit can grind food into smaller particles before it enters the stomach.

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4
Q

Bird crop?

A

Bird crop?

.Connected to the oesophagus and proventriculus .

.It stores food for the bird to digest slowly.

.It also can produce crop milk to feed young.

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5
Q

Bird proventriculus?

A

Bird proventriculus?

.Is the first part of the stomach.

.Function is to store food the crop does that and mix it with digestive juices to soften the food.

.Is the glandular stomach.

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6
Q

Bird gizzard?

A

Bird gizzard?

.Is connected to the proventriculus and is the second part of the stomach.

.To break down food and grind up the hard parts of the food like bones and seeds.

.Function is to contract to ground up food sent from the proventriculus into smaller pieces and mix with the digestive juices and then send the food back to the proventriculus.

.Sometimes small stones or grit can be present in the gizzard If birds eat them which will help the breakdown of food.

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7
Q

Bird Liver?

A

Bird Liver?

This is not in the digestive tract but is next to it.

.Function it to produce bile to be sent to the duodenum. It is sent to the duodenum through the bile duct to help with the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins.

.These vitamins are A, D, E and K.

.The liver removes the toxic substances from nitrogenous waste/uric acid before being sent to the kidneys.

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8
Q

Bird cloaca?

A

Bird cloaca?

.This is at the end of the digestive, excretory and reproductive system.

.It’s function is to mix urates with faecal material and remove the waste to outside of the body.

.If the bird eats another animal then the feathers, fur and bones of the animal are regurgitated instead of exiting through the cloaca.

.The urinary bladder or ureter (for birds with a urinary bladder) & rectum empty into the cloaca and leave through the cloaca vent.

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9
Q

Bird Kidneys?

A

Bird Kidneys?

.There are two kidneys in the bird.

.Function is to excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid and urates and filter useful fluid to be sent to the bloodstream.

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10
Q

Bird Ureters?

A

Bird Ureters?

.There are two in the bird and are attached to each kidney.

.Function is to carry urates from the kidneys to the cloaca.

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11
Q

Bird cloaca?

A

Bird cloaca?

.Function is to mix urates with faecal material and remove the waste to outside of the body.

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12
Q

Bird excretions?

A

Bird excretions?

.White urates , green and brown faeces covered in clear urine.

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13
Q

Bird urinary bladder?

A

Bird urinary bladder?

.Some birds do not have one.

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14
Q

Body cavity?

A

Body cavity?

.Avians and reptiles have just one internal cavity that functions as a combined space for internal organs.

.Birds & reptiles as they do not possess a diaphragm.

.Birds & reptiles - have a continuous cavity called generally, as the coelom (see-lum) which is more correctly called the coelomic cavity or pleuroperitoneal cavity.

.Within this cavity only the heart has its own separate cavity (the pericardium) which is common for all animals that possess a heart.

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15
Q

Bird digestive system parts?

A

Bird digestive system parts?

.Mouth
.Oesophagus 
.Crop
.Proventriculus/stomach 
.Gizzard
.Duodenum, jejunum, ilieum 
.Colon
.Caecum
.Rectum 
.Cloaca
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16
Q

Air sacs?

A

Air sacs?

.Act as storage vessels for inhaled air, so there is plenty of oxygen available for the release of energy from cells to power the strenuous activity of flying.

The bird has nine air sacs that fill the spaces in the body and also go into the bones to help with flying.

.The air sacs also allow for a continuous air flow.

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17
Q

Bird lung?

A

Bird lung?

.In the bird lung there are no bronchioles, alveoli and no diaphragm.

.After the bronchi, air meets structures known as parabronchi. These together with tissues surrounding the parabronchi are the functional part of the bird lung.

.Parabronchi - are part of the system that allows for a continuous air flow past the gas exchange surface supported by the numerous air sacs.

.Birds have two inspirations and two aspirations, so fresh air is not mixed with air that has carbon dioxide in it.

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18
Q

Bird respiratory tract?

A

Bird respiratory tract?

.Nares
.Nasal cavity
.Nasopharynx
.Pharynx 
.Larynx 
.Syrinx 
.Trachea 
.Syrinx
.Bronchi
.Parabronchi

.Birds don’t gave a epiglottis or glottis but they have a rimaglottis located in the tongue to prevent food entering the respiratory tract while eating.

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19
Q

Nasal cavity?

A

In some lizards there are nasal salt glands in their nasal cavity which excrete sodium and potassium through the nares by sneezing.  Also important for warming air

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20
Q

Bird respiratory rate?

A

Bird respiratory rate?

.Small birds 30 – 250 bpm

.Large birds 15 – 30 bpm

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21
Q

Birds that fly have?

A

Birds that fly have?

.Have hollow bones contain air sacs that are filled with air and thus oxygen.

.The air sacs can store air so that a bird can maintain flight.

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22
Q

Bird skeleton difference?

A

Bird skeleton differences?

.Cranio-facial hinge = face

.Carpo-metacarpus bone = metacarpus

.Keel bone = attached to ventral sternum

.Tibio-tarsus = tibia

.Fused tarsi & metatarsi = tarsus & metatarsus

.Pygostyle = tail

.Coracoid = attached to sternum cranialy

23
Q

Keel bone function?

A

Keel bone function?

.Help support the bird with flying by giving the bird a big surface area for the attachment of important flight muscles to help with the powerful down stroke and up stroke while flying.

24
Q

The quadrate bone?

A

The quadrate bone?

.Absent in mammals but present in birds & reptiles.

.Is part of the complex structure of avian and reptile jaws and in both, the joint to which it a part is set far back in the skull.

.The whole joint acts as a hinge, aided by elastic connective tissue. As a result, the gape of reptiles in particular the snake, is significantly greater than that of mammals.

.The purpose of this bone in is to let the bird and reptiles open their mouth wide

25
Q

Bird cranio-facial hinge?

A

Bird cranio-facial hinge?

.Helps with opening the beak while eating.

26
Q

Bird IM injection?

A

Bird IM injection?

.For birds, the pectoral muscles of the wings are sometimes favoured for an i/m injection but, the trauma to the tissues can interfere with flight (temporarily).

.The quadriceps muscles are a better choice: they are larger and do not interfere with flight.

27
Q

Bird venepuncture?

A

Bird venepuncture?

.Obtaining a blood sample of sufficient quantity from a bird requires great skill and care. Veins of the wings are favoured.

28
Q

Endotherms?

A

.Birds and mammals are endotherms. They can generate their own body heat to maintain the internal organs at an optimum temperature.

.The heart will increase its rate if a bird or mammal becomes too hot. An increase in heart rate increases the rate of blood flow and excess heat can be removed from the body where capillaries are near the skin’s surface.

.When a bird or rabbit is experiencing satisfactory conditions, their heart rate is steady and constant and so is their blood circulation.

29
Q

The Coelomic/ Pleuroperitoneal cavity?

A

The Coelomic/ Pleuroperitoneal cavity?

.Bird & reptile body cavity - within this cavity only the heart has its own separate cavity (the pericardium) which is common for all animals that possess a heart.

30
Q

Avian Skeleton?

A

Avian Skeleton?

.Any bird that can fly has hollow bones. The hollow bones contain air sacs that are filled with air and thus oxygen. The air sacs can store air so that a bird can maintain flight.

.As the beak is not as efficient as teeth, birds have a crop in which small stones and grit can grind food into smaller particles before it enters the stomach.

31
Q

The keel?

A

The keel?

.Is a protrusion possessed by flying birds.

.The function of the keel is to help support the bird with flying by giving the bird a big surface area for the attachment of important flight muscles to help with the powerful down stroke and up stroke while flying.

32
Q

The bird has what is known as a cranio-facial hinge. What you think the function is of this structure is for birds?

A

The bird has what is known as a cranio-facial hinge. What you think the function is of this structure is for birds?

.I think the function of this structure for birds is to help with opening the beak while eating.

33
Q

Bird circulation?

A

Bird circulation?

.Birds and mammals are endotherms. They can generate their own body heat to maintain the internal organs at an optimum temperature.

.The heart will increase its rate if a bird or mammal becomes too hot. An increase in heart rate increases the rate of blood flow and excess heat can be removed from the body where capillaries are near the skin’s surface.

.However, because of a think covering or fur or feathers, both types of animal should never by exposed to excessively high environmental temperature. Similarly, as both types of animal are small, they should be exposed to an excessively low temperature either.

.When a bird or rabbit is experiencing satisfactory conditions, their heart rate is steady and constant and so is their blood circulation.

34
Q

Bird digestive system?

A

Bird digestive system?

.Birds differ from reptiles and the rabbit because they do not possess teeth.

35
Q

Bird vomiting?

A

Bird vomiting?

.Rabbits, reptiles and birds are unable to vomit although some birds of course can regurgitate pellets e.g. owls.

36
Q

Bird droppings?

A

Bird droppings?

.Normal excretions from a bird would be white urates, green and brown faeces covered in clear urine.

.Excrete uric acid and urates which are based on ammonia rather than urine which is based on urea. They do not pass out faeces as such but what are called “droppings”.

.All nitrogenous waste enters and is stored in a section of the cloaca until ready for egestion.

37
Q

Oral cavity?

A

Oral cavity?

.This is the mouth, tongue, and salivary glands of the bird and is where ingestion takes place. Its function is to manipulate the food with the tongue and lubricating the food with saliva making it easier to swallow.

38
Q

Oesophagus?

A

Oesophagus?

.This connects the mouth to the crop. Its function is to move food from the mouth to the crop.

39
Q

Bile ducts?

A

Bile ducts?

.There are two bile ducts, and these are attached to the liver and duodenum. Their function is to move the bile into the intestine.

40
Q

Pancreas?

A

Pancreas?

.This is a gland next to the duodenum that has two function which are endocrine and exocrine.

.The exocrine part is used for digestion because it produces digestive juices that are rich in enzymes to be sent to the duodenum for breaking down nutrients.

41
Q

Pancreatic ducts?

A

Pancreatic ducts?

.There are three pancreatic ducts and they are attached to the pancreas and the intestine.

.Their function is to transport the secretions from the pancreas to the intestine through their three ducts.

42
Q

Small Intestine?

A

Small Intestine?

.This is the duodenum, jejunum and Ileum.

.Their function is to absorb the nutrients from food and then transport them to the circulatory system.

43
Q

Large intestine?

A

Large intestine?

.This is not as big as the small intestine and is attached to the small intestine by the caeca.

.Its function is absorbing the last remaining water in the food.

44
Q

Tongue?

A

Tongue?

.Unless you happen to be a large parrot, the bird’s tongue is not as flexible as that of a rabbit or reptile.

45
Q

Abnormal droppings?

A

Abnormal droppings?

.Colour - blood in the droppings will cause them to become red or black. This can be caused by lead poisoning.

.Volume - increase urine in dropping. This can be caused by stress.

.Odour - foul odour of droppings could be a sign of a bacterial infection in the digestive tract.

Consistency - runny/ watery droppings. This could be caused by the bird drinking a lot more than they normally do.

46
Q

Bird Respiratory system?

A

Bird Respiratory system?

.Birds and many reptiles have an additional feature: that of air sacs within their bones (including those of the skull) and or body cavity.

.The lungs are much smaller than those of the mammal and reptile.

.In the bird, air sacs act as storage vessels for inhaled air so there is plenty of oxygen available for the release of energy from cells to power the strenuous activity of flying.

In the bird lung there are no alveoli and no diaphragm. After passing through the pathway as for a mammal up to the bronchi, air meets structures known as parabronchi. These together with tissues surrounding the parabronchi are the functional part of the bird lung. In mammals of course, functional part of their lungs are the alveoli that are at the end of the numerous bronchioles.

The parabronchi are part of the system that allows for a continuous air flow past the gas exchange surface supported by the numerous air sacs.

47
Q

Lung air flow?

A

Lung air flow?

There is a cross-current system between inhaled air and blood flow inside the lung of a bird. This means that as air passes through the lung, oxygen can be diffused directly into the bloodstream and red blood cells without having to pass through a blind-ended alveolus first.

As the air flow continues through the lung is passes into the posterior (rear) air sacs. From here it is said the air is pushed into lung once again and then into the anterior (front) air sacs and circulated through the lung once more. This system seems to permit a greater extraction of available oxygen from the inhaled air.

This process is known as unidirectional air flow. Although an evolutionary advantage for flying birds, this unidirectional airflow and the air sacs storing air mean that birds are highly susceptible to atmospheric pollution. When in captivity, they are susceptible to any substance released into the air around them.

48
Q

Avian lung?

A

Avian lung?

Parts
1. Centre (lumen) of parabronchi

  1. Parabronchi wall* containing epithelial tissue
  2. Arteriole

*The epithelial tissue surrounding parabronchi is rich in blood capillaries. This allows for diffusion of gases: oxygen is diffused from the parabronchi and into the bloodstream whilst carbon dioxide is diffused from the bloodstream and into the parabronchi for exhalation.

49
Q

Trachea?

A

Trachea?

This starts at the larynx and ends In birds at the syrinx. This allows movement of oxygen to the lungs and takes carbon dioxide out of it.

In birds it allows movement of oxygen into the syrinx. Cartilaginous rings are complete.

50
Q

Passage of air from the nares to the lungs?

A

Passage of air from the nares to the lungs?

Avian passage of air from the nares to the bronchi is the nares, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, pharynx, larynx, syrinx, trachea, and then the bronchi.

51
Q

Lungs?

A

Lungs?

These are in the chest of the Reptile and Bird. This takes in oxygen into the bloodstream and removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to outside of the body.

Birds have two inspirations and two aspirations so fresh air is not mixed with air that has carbon dioxide in it.

52
Q

Parabronchi?

A

Parabronchi?

These are found in birds and are attached to the bronchi in each lung.

It diffuses oxygen into the bloodstream and takes diffused carbon dioxide out of the bloodstream to be taken outside of the body.

53
Q

Air Sacs?

A

Air Sacs?

Within the lungs in birds and reptiles. The air sacs take oxygen from the inhaled air. In some reptiles they can inflate the whole body.

In birds they store air to use for energy for their cells while flying.

54
Q

The Passage of Air from the Bronchi to the Site of Gaseous Exchange?

A

The Passage of Air from the Bronchi to the Site of Gaseous Exchange?

Avian after the bronchi is the parabronchi where gaseous exchange takes place.

The bird has nine air sacs that fill the spaces in the body and also go into the bones to help with flying.

The air sacs also allow a unidirectional flow of air through the lungs so they allow for a continuous air flow.

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