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Avian Flashcards

1
Q

What is imping?

A

Traditional falconry technique of replacing damaged feathers using another feather as a graft

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2
Q

What are the causes of overgrown claws?

A

Perch design- should be variable diameter, rough surface

Diet- high protein or malnutrition

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3
Q

What is the body temperature of birds?

A

40-42 degrees celsius

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4
Q

How is temperature loss exacerbated during surgery on birds?

A

Small bodies- high surface area to weight ratio
Feathers plucked from large areas of body
Skin getting wet
Coeliotomies

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5
Q

How can temperature loss be reduced during avian surgery?

A

Warm fluids to body temperature
Monitor with cloacal thermometer
Keep room temperature 22-25 degrees
Heat mats/lamps/hot air/heated sandbags

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6
Q

What resp rate should anaesthetised birds be maintained at?

A

Normal or 10-20/min in birds not breathing by themselves, or 2/min in birds breathing spontaneously

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7
Q

How much oxygen should be delivered to a bird under GA?

A

500ml/kg/min

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8
Q

What are the most commonly used analgesics in birds?

A

Meloxicam and butorphanol

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9
Q

List the common pathogens seen during crop washes.

A

Trichomonas gallinae
Candidiasis
Macrorhabdus ornithogaster

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10
Q

Which antibiotic would be used to treat mycoplasmosis in chickens?

A

Tylosin (licensed)

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of mycoplasmosis in poultry?

A

Nasal discharge
Foamy eyes
Swollen eyelids + sinuses
Sneezing/gasping

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12
Q

What is the causative agent of crop stasis in chickens?

A

Candida albicans

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13
Q

How may crop impactions be treated in chickens?

A

Soften with liquid paraffin and gentle massage with head held down. If severe, consider GA + ingluviotomy

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14
Q

How is coccidiosis treated in chickens?

A

Toltrazuril (but eggs can’t be used)

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of tapeworm infection in chickens?

A

Gasping/’snicking’ with neck extended

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16
Q

What is the treatment for nematode infection in the chicken?

A

Flubendazole

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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of Dermanyssus gallinae infestation?

A

RED MITES- chickens

Lethargy + anaemia -> death

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ornithonyssus silvarum?

A

CHICKENS- Dirty moist patches on feathers

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19
Q

How are Cnemidocoptes mutans treated in chickens?

A

Ivermectin (scaly leg mites)

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20
Q

how are Cnemidocoptes gallinae treated in chickens?

A

Fipronil (depluming mites)

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21
Q

What is the cause of bumblefoot in chickens?

A

ULCERATIVE PODODERMATITIS

Staph infection secondary to bruising (from jumping off perches too high)

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22
Q

What are the clinical signs of Marek’s disease in chickens?

A

Wing drop
Leg paralysos
Immunosuppression
Dyspnoea and dilation of crop if vagal n affected

23
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Marek’s disease?

A

Lymphoid tumours + demyelination of peripheral nerves.

24
Q

Why should pelleted food only be 50% max of birds’ diet?

A

Risk of nutrient excess

Doesn’t permit natural behaviours

25
Which supplements are required by aquatic birds feeding on frozen fish?
Thiamine (vit B) | Vit E
26
What is the pathology of hypovitaminosis A?
Squamous metaplasia of epithelial membranes
27
What are the clinical signs of hypovitaminosis A?
``` White plaques in mouth Recurrent bacterial infection Chronic sinusitis Rhinoliths Atrophy of choanal papillae ```
28
What are the clinical signs of iodine deficiency?
Regurgitation Change of voice Inspiratory noises
29
What are the clinical signs of hypocalcaemia?
Soft eggs Reproductive complications Bone deformities Chronic twitching
30
How can hypocalcaemia be treated?
Appropriate levels of Ca/UV light. | Reduce photoperiod/give GnRH agonists to chronic layers
31
What are the consequences of feeding a high energy diet?
Obesity Lipomas Xanthomas (accum of cholesterol crystals at tip of wing) Atherosclorisis
32
What are the clinical signs of calcium excess?
Kidney damage | Gout
33
Define haemosiderosis.
Deposition of iron without pathological tissue change
34
Define haemochromatosis.
Deposition of iron with pathological tissue change
35
What are the clinical signs of iron excess in birds?
Ascites Dyspnoea Abdominal distension
36
How is iron excess treated?
Avoid vit C + A Phlebotomy (1% BW every week for months) Deferoxamine
37
What are the clinical signs of aspergillosis in birds?
Chronic disease forms granulomas in resp system: - wt loss - voice changes - dyspnoea
38
What are the treatment options for aspergillosis?
Amphotericin B antifungal- intralesional treatment Endoscopic granuloma removal 1-2m medical treatment w/ oral/nebulised antifungals
39
What are the clinical signs of candidiasis?
``` Regurgitation V+ Distended slow-emptying crop Beak necrosis White plaques in oral cavity ```
40
How is candidiasis treated in birds?
Nyastin direct application
41
What is the cause of avian gastric yeast?
Macrorhabdus ornithogaster
42
What are the clinical signs of avian gastric yeast?
Wasting Lethargy Passage of undigested food
43
What is the causative agent of avian chlamydiosis?
Chlamydia psittaci
44
How is avian chlamydiosis treated?
Doxycycline fo 4-6 weeks inj/oral
45
What are the clinical signs of psittacine beak and feather disease?
``` CHRONIC = feather loss/deformity, hyperketatosis, oral ulcers, overgrowth of beak, immunosuppression ACUTE = depression, D+, dystrophic feathers (young birds, 1st feather formation) ```
46
Describe the clinical signs of pox virus in birds.
1. CUTANEOUS = nodular lesions + scabs on face 2. DIPTHERITIC = lesions on mm, resp disease 3. SEPTICAEMIC
47
What is the causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease (PVDD)?
Avian bornavirus
48
What are the clinical signs of PVDD?
``` Dilatation of GIT Increased GIT transit time Weight loss Abnorm faeces Lethargy Neuro signs ```
49
List the 2 types of gout seen in birds.
ARTICULAR: deposition of uric acid crystals in JOINTS VISCERAL: deposition of uric acid crystals on SEROSAL SURFACE of organs
50
What is the cause of gout?
Consequence of kidney problems or increased dietary protein.
51
How is gout treated in birds?
Allopurinol- reduces uric acid levels in blood.
52
How is heavy metal poisoning treated in birds?
Chelation with injectable CaEDTA or penicillamine | Supportive treatment
53
What are the causes of chronic egg laying in birds?
Overstimulation of breeding behaviour by another bird/object/person Over feeding and artificial photoperiods
54
What are the clinical signs of egg binding in birds?
``` Dyspnoea Hindlimb weakness Lethargy Abnormal faeces Wide non-perching stance Swollen lower coelem ```

EXOTICS (7 decks)

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