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EXOTICS > Avian > Flashcards

Avian Flashcards

1
Q

What is imping?

A

Traditional falconry technique of replacing damaged feathers using another feather as a graft

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2
Q

What are the causes of overgrown claws?

A

Perch design- should be variable diameter, rough surface

Diet- high protein or malnutrition

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3
Q

What is the body temperature of birds?

A

40-42 degrees celsius

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4
Q

How is temperature loss exacerbated during surgery on birds?

A

Small bodies- high surface area to weight ratio
Feathers plucked from large areas of body
Skin getting wet
Coeliotomies

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5
Q

How can temperature loss be reduced during avian surgery?

A

Warm fluids to body temperature
Monitor with cloacal thermometer
Keep room temperature 22-25 degrees
Heat mats/lamps/hot air/heated sandbags

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6
Q

What resp rate should anaesthetised birds be maintained at?

A

Normal or 10-20/min in birds not breathing by themselves, or 2/min in birds breathing spontaneously

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7
Q

How much oxygen should be delivered to a bird under GA?

A

500ml/kg/min

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8
Q

What are the most commonly used analgesics in birds?

A

Meloxicam and butorphanol

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9
Q

List the common pathogens seen during crop washes.

A

Trichomonas gallinae
Candidiasis
Macrorhabdus ornithogaster

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10
Q

Which antibiotic would be used to treat mycoplasmosis in chickens?

A

Tylosin (licensed)

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of mycoplasmosis in poultry?

A

Nasal discharge
Foamy eyes
Swollen eyelids + sinuses
Sneezing/gasping

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12
Q

What is the causative agent of crop stasis in chickens?

A

Candida albicans

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13
Q

How may crop impactions be treated in chickens?

A

Soften with liquid paraffin and gentle massage with head held down. If severe, consider GA + ingluviotomy

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14
Q

How is coccidiosis treated in chickens?

A

Toltrazuril (but eggs can’t be used)

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of tapeworm infection in chickens?

A

Gasping/’snicking’ with neck extended

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16
Q

What is the treatment for nematode infection in the chicken?

A

Flubendazole

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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of Dermanyssus gallinae infestation?

A

RED MITES- chickens

Lethargy + anaemia -> death

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ornithonyssus silvarum?

A

CHICKENS- Dirty moist patches on feathers

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19
Q

How are Cnemidocoptes mutans treated in chickens?

A

Ivermectin (scaly leg mites)

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20
Q

how are Cnemidocoptes gallinae treated in chickens?

A

Fipronil (depluming mites)

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21
Q

What is the cause of bumblefoot in chickens?

A

ULCERATIVE PODODERMATITIS

Staph infection secondary to bruising (from jumping off perches too high)

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22
Q

What are the clinical signs of Marek’s disease in chickens?

A

Wing drop
Leg paralysos
Immunosuppression
Dyspnoea and dilation of crop if vagal n affected

23
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Marek’s disease?

A

Lymphoid tumours + demyelination of peripheral nerves.

24
Q

Why should pelleted food only be 50% max of birds’ diet?

A

Risk of nutrient excess

Doesn’t permit natural behaviours

25
Q

Which supplements are required by aquatic birds feeding on frozen fish?

A

Thiamine (vit B)

Vit E

26
Q

What is the pathology of hypovitaminosis A?

A

Squamous metaplasia of epithelial membranes

27
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypovitaminosis A?

A 
White plaques in mouth
Recurrent bacterial infection
Chronic sinusitis
Rhinoliths
Atrophy of choanal papillae
28
Q

What are the clinical signs of iodine deficiency?

A

Regurgitation
Change of voice
Inspiratory noises

29
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypocalcaemia?

A

Soft eggs
Reproductive complications
Bone deformities
Chronic twitching

30
Q

How can hypocalcaemia be treated?

A

Appropriate levels of Ca/UV light.

Reduce photoperiod/give GnRH agonists to chronic layers

31
Q

What are the consequences of feeding a high energy diet?

A

Obesity
Lipomas
Xanthomas (accum of cholesterol crystals at tip of wing)
Atherosclorisis

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of calcium excess?

A

Kidney damage

Gout

33
Q

Define haemosiderosis.

A

Deposition of iron without pathological tissue change

34
Q

Define haemochromatosis.

A

Deposition of iron with pathological tissue change

35
Q

What are the clinical signs of iron excess in birds?

A

Ascites
Dyspnoea
Abdominal distension

36
Q

How is iron excess treated?

A

Avoid vit C + A
Phlebotomy (1% BW every week for months)
Deferoxamine

37
Q

What are the clinical signs of aspergillosis in birds?

A

Chronic disease forms granulomas in resp system:

  • wt loss
  • voice changes
  • dyspnoea
38
Q

What are the treatment options for aspergillosis?

A

Amphotericin B antifungal- intralesional treatment
Endoscopic granuloma removal
1-2m medical treatment w/ oral/nebulised antifungals

39
Q

What are the clinical signs of candidiasis?

A 
Regurgitation
V+
Distended slow-emptying crop
Beak necrosis
White plaques in oral cavity
40
Q

How is candidiasis treated in birds?

A

Nyastin direct application

41
Q

What is the cause of avian gastric yeast?

A

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster

42
Q

What are the clinical signs of avian gastric yeast?

A

Wasting
Lethargy
Passage of undigested food

43
Q

What is the causative agent of avian chlamydiosis?

A

Chlamydia psittaci

44
Q

How is avian chlamydiosis treated?

A

Doxycycline fo 4-6 weeks inj/oral

45
Q

What are the clinical signs of psittacine beak and feather disease?

A 
CHRONIC = feather loss/deformity, hyperketatosis, oral ulcers, overgrowth of beak, immunosuppression
ACUTE = depression, D+, dystrophic feathers (young birds, 1st feather formation)
46
Q

Describe the clinical signs of pox virus in birds.

A
  1. CUTANEOUS = nodular lesions + scabs on face
  2. DIPTHERITIC = lesions on mm, resp disease
  3. SEPTICAEMIC
47
Q

What is the causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease (PVDD)?

A

Avian bornavirus

48
Q

What are the clinical signs of PVDD?

A 
Dilatation of GIT
Increased GIT transit time
Weight loss
Abnorm faeces
Lethargy
Neuro signs
49
Q

List the 2 types of gout seen in birds.

A

ARTICULAR: deposition of uric acid crystals in JOINTS
VISCERAL: deposition of uric acid crystals on SEROSAL SURFACE of organs

50
Q

What is the cause of gout?

A

Consequence of kidney problems or increased dietary protein.

51
Q

How is gout treated in birds?

A

Allopurinol- reduces uric acid levels in blood.

52
Q

How is heavy metal poisoning treated in birds?

A

Chelation with injectable CaEDTA or penicillamine

Supportive treatment

53
Q

What are the causes of chronic egg laying in birds?

A

Overstimulation of breeding behaviour by another bird/object/person
Over feeding and artificial photoperiods

54
Q

What are the clinical signs of egg binding in birds?

A 
Dyspnoea
Hindlimb weakness
Lethargy
Abnormal faeces
Wide non-perching stance
Swollen lower coelem

EXOTICS (7 decks)

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