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602 Exam 2 > Autonomics > Flashcards

Autonomics Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

maintenance of steady states in the body by coordinated physiological mechanisms

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2
Q

What are some examples of ANS in homeostasis?

A

Blood glucose regulation
BP control
Blood flow
Temperature regulation
Smooth muscle - GI tracts, ducts, bronchi, uterus
GI motility & secretions
Endocrine glands - many glands receive ANS input
Exocrine glands (salivary & sweat gland)
Bladder
Vomit reflex
Sexual function

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3
Q

What is only a sympathetic control?

A

sweat glands & blood vessels

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4
Q

What is the importance of ANS to dentistry?

A

Routine procedure stress/anesthetic injections
Emergency medicine (w/ stress)
Environmental & disease induced stress
Malocclusion stress
Abnormal blood flow causing TMJ disease & pain

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5
Q

Postganglionic neurotransmitters of sympathetic division. What do they stimulate?

A

Ach
- stimulates vasodilation & sweat glands
NE
- stimulates piloerector muscle & vasoconstriction

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6
Q

___ nervous system activities are influenced by ANS

A

Enteric

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7
Q

The efferent arm, in the ANS, has __ neurons & ___ synapses

A

2 & 2

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8
Q

Describe (myelinated or not, location, type, length) the sympathetic & parasympathetic division in the preganglionic neurons

A

Sympathetic
- myelinated, B type, located in cell bodies in intermediolateral column, short length

Parasympathetic
- myelinated, B type, located in cell bodies in brain or sacral spinal cord, long length

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9
Q

Length of the sympathetic & parasympathetic division in the postganglionic neurons

A

Sympathetic = long
Parasympathetic = short

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10
Q

Discrete or diffuse for sympathetic & parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic = diffuse
Parasympathetic = discrete

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11
Q

The afferent arm stimulates

A

preganglionic neuron

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12
Q

Somatic nervous system enters the spinal cord through the ___, stimulates neurons in the ___ & activates or repressors ___. ANS enters the spinal cord through the ___ & stimulates preganglionic nerurons in the ___

A

Dorsal horn
Intermediolateral column
motor neuron activity

dorsal horn
intermediolateral column

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13
Q

Afferent sensory system receptors

A

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nocioreceptors

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14
Q

ANS effectors are ___. Where do they go through in the spinal cord?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
Ventral horn to postganglionic fiber

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15
Q

Define varicosities

A

Where neurotransmitters are released

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16
Q

Skeletal muscles motor neurons release ___, which binds to ___

A

Ach
Nicotinic

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17
Q

What destroys Ach?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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18
Q

In the pregnanglionic neuron for the ANS, parasympathetic & sympathetic division release ___ & stimulates ___ receptor

A

Ach
Nicotinic

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19
Q

In the postganglionic neuron for the ANS, the parasympathetic division release ___ & activates ___

A

Ach
Muscarinic

20
Q

In the postganglionic neuron for the ANS, the sympathetic division release ___ & activates ___

A

NE
adrenergic alpha or beta receptor

21
Q

___ & ___ are extracted from amanita mushroom to increase parasympathetic response

A

Muscarinic & nicotinic

22
Q

Special case when sympathetic postganglionic neruon release Ach occurs in ___

A

skeletal muscles

23
Q

Ach synthesis & enzymes involved

A

Choline + acetyl-CoA → acetylcholine → choline + acetate
Enzyme 1: choline acetyltransferase
Enzyme 2: acetylcholinesterase (breaks down Ach)

24
Q

Nicotinic receptor subunits

A

Has 2 alpha subunits, 1 beta, 1 gamma, & 1 delta subunit

25
Q

Muscarinic receptor is/is not a channel? What are the 5 types & describe each?

A

Is not

  • M4 & M5 are only in CNS
  • M1 & M3 are associated w/ smooth muscle
  • M2: Galpha i or o → adenylyl cyclase inhibition (decrease cAMP), opening K+ channels
26
Q

NE pathway & enzymes involved

A

L-tyrosine → L-DOPA → Dopamine → L-Norepinephrine
Enzyme 1: tyrosine hydroxylase
Enzyme 2: aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
Enzyme 3: dopamine beta-hydroxylase

27
Q

epinephrine pathway & enzymes involved

A

L-tyrosine → L-DOPA → Dopamine → L-Norepinephrine → L-epinephrine (adrenalin)

Enzyme 1: tyrosine hydroxylase
Enzyme 2: aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
Enzyme 3: dopamine beta-hydroxylase
Enzyme 4: phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase

28
Q

End product inhibition by ___ & ___ blocks tyrosine hydroxylase during the formation of NE

A

DA & NE

29
Q

Describe MAO & COMT

A

MAO
- degrades NE in presynaptic neuron
- Found in mitochondria

COMT
- degrades NE in postsynaptic neuron
- found in liver & blood

30
Q

Chain events of NE

A
  1. Action potential arrives
  2. Depolarization opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels
  3. Ca2+ entry causes exocytosis of synaptic vesicles & release of NE
  4. NE binds adrenergic receptor on target cells
  5. Receptor activation ceases when NE diffuses away or is metabolized by COMT
  6. NE transported back into axon
  7. NE goes back into vesicles or gets metabolized by MAO
31
Q

For each of the following, is NE or Epi preferred. Alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2

A

Alpha1: (NE> Epi)
Alpha2: (NE> Epi)
Beta1: (Epi> NE)
Beta2: (Epi»> NE)

32
Q

Define receptor affinity

A

concentration a compound elicits a response from a receptor

  • High affinity receptors only need a small amount of substance to activate receptors
  • Low affinity needs more
33
Q

Norepinephrine can activate what in alpha & beta

A

Alpha1: smooth muscle & vasoconstriction
Alpha2: smooth muscle & relaxation
Beta1: heart muscle contraction & increases heart rate

34
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline) can activate what in alpha & beta

A

Alpha1: smooth muscle & vasoconstriction
IP3 production
Alpha2: veinoconstriction
Beta1: heart muscle contraction & increase rate
cAMP production
Beta2: skeletal muscle blood vessels dilation & smooth muscle relaxation
cAMP production
Mainly activates beta2

35
Q

Examples of effects of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Increase heart & lung action (caused by increase of blood flow)
Inhibition of stomach & intestinal action
Constriction of blood vessels in many parts of body (like skin & GI)
Liberation of nutrients for muscular action
Dilation of blood vessels
Inhibition of lacrimal gland & salivation
Dilation of pupil (increases sight of vision)
Increased anxiety/awareness
Relaxation of bladder
Inhibition of erection

36
Q

Is NE acting as a neurotransmitter & hormone?

A

Yes
- If circulating, it’s a hormone
- If released in nerve directly to target tissue, it’s a neurotransmitter

37
Q

In the following reaction, is there a faster or slower EPSP response? Preganglionic neuron releases Ach → binds to muscarinic receptor → activates postganglionic neuron

A

Slower

38
Q

In the following reaction, is there a faster or slower EPSP response? Preganglionic neuron releases Ach → binds to nicotinic receptor → activates postganglionic neuron

A

Faster

39
Q

In the following reaction, is there a EPSP or IPSP response? Preganglionic neuron releases Ach → binds to muscarinic receptor in SIF cell → releases dopamine

A

IPSP

40
Q

___ may produce long lasting EPSP or IPSPs

A

Sensory afferents

41
Q

Influences on ANS come from:

A

Spinal cord & brain stem
Hypothalamus
ANS influenced by neocortex & other higher brain centers
Integration at every level to insure proper responses

42
Q

Does the ANS have dual innervation?

A

Yes

43
Q

Increase or decrease for the following examples in parasympathetic & sympathetic division: heart rate, stomach, pylorus, salivary flow, BV

A
  • Heart rate: sympathetic increases & parasympathetic decreases
  • Stomach: sympathetic decreases, parasympathetic increases
  • Pylorus: sympathetic increases, parasympathetic decreases (induces relaxation)
  • Salivary flow: both increase
  • Blood vessels: only sympathetic
44
Q

Catabolic or anabolic for the parasympathetic & sympathetic division

A

anabolic for parasympathetic
catabolic for sympathetic

45
Q

What are the 4 types of stresses

A

Fright (sympathetic)
Fear and anxiety (both)
Acute fear
Chronic stress

46
Q

What increases norepinephrine production?

A

Ephedrine, amphetamine, pseudoephedrine

47
Q

What blocks norepinephrine production?

A

Resperine & methyldopa

602 Exam 2 (10 decks)

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