Autonomic Pharmacology and Toxicology

Question 1

Which structure uniquely is sympathetic but uses Ach as its neurotransmitter?

Answer 1

Sweat glands!

Skeletal muscle also uses Ach.

Question 2

What medication blocks the choline/sodium channel?

Answer 2

Hemicholinumus

Question 3

What medication acts as a blocker of the Ach carrier (VAT)?

Answer 3

Vesamicol

Question 4

Which autonomic receptors are found on the iris constrictor muscles?

Answer 4

M3.

Just think muscarinic is parasympathetic.

Question 5

Which autonomic receptors are found on the dilator muscle?

Answer 5

Alpha 1

Question 6

Which autonomic receptors are found in the ciliary muscle?

Answer 6

M3 and Beta 2

Question 7

Which autonomic receptors are found on the ciliary body?

Answer 7

Alpha 2 B1 and B2

Question 8

Which receptors act to slow down the heart via Gi/Go?

Answer 8

M2 receptors.

Serve to decrease heart rate, conduction velocity, atrial contraction and ventricular contraction.

Question 9

What role do M3 receptors have in the bronchi and Bronchioles?

What about the bronchiolar submucosal glands?

Answer 9

Causes contraction and bronchospasm in bronchi and bronchioles.

Causes secretion and narrowing of the lumen in the lungs.

Question 10

What effects does M3 have on intact endothelium vs damaged endothelium?

Answer 10

Intact endothelium will allow for relaxation.

If the vasculature is not intact it will lead to vasoconstriction.

Question 11

What is the one muscle that does not relax in response to M3 stimulation?

Answer 11

Lower esophageal sphincter constricts.

Question 12

Whats the Methacholine test?

Answer 12

This is a test to cholinergic hypersensitity within the bronchi. Stimulates bronchoconstriction.

Question 13

The mushroom muscarine causes what disorders?

Answer 13

This is an extreemly strong ach agonists.

Look for a very wet appearance.

Question 14

What is pilocarpine the drug of choice for?

Answer 14

This is the drug of choice for glaucoma!

Question 15

What is unique about carbachol?

Answer 15

This is both a muscarinic agonist and a nicotinic agonist.

commonly used to treat glaucoma.

Question 16

What is the use and MoA of the drug Benztropine?

Answer 16

Acts as a CNS Ach antagonists allowing reestablishment of the dopamine Ach balance in alzheimers patients.

Question 17

What class of drugs are Hexamethonium and Mecamylamine?

Answer 17

These are both nicotinic receptor antagonists.

Basically block whichever autonomic system they are introduced into.

Question 18

What is the difference between phase 1 and phase 2 blockade following succinylcholine administration?

Answer 18

Phase 1 causes a consistant paralysis through binding the outside of the Nm channel. These can be altered by AchE inhibitors.

Phase 2 is consistant desensitization of the postsynaptic Nm receptors. this prevents depolarization.

Question 19

Reserpin blocks VMAT, what does this relate to?

Answer 19

This relates to the blockage of VMAT.

Essentially monoamines cannot be stored.

Question 20

Bretylium blocks VAMP, what is the purpose of this?

Answer 20

Bretylium blocks VAMP which essentially works by stopping the release of NE into the synapse.

Question 21

What Gcpr does Alpha 1 use?

Answer 21

Alpha 1 uses Gq to elevate PKC.

Question 22

what Gpcr does Beta1 and Beta2 use?

Answer 22

These two use Gs to elevate cAMP.

Question 23

What is the function and method by which the drug Phenylephrine used?

Answer 23

This is an alpha 1 agonist used to treat hypotension and shock.

Causes an increase in HR and TPR

Question 24

The drug clonidine works by what method and how is it to be used?

Answer 24

Clonidine works to agonize Alpha 2.

This makes for excellent glaucoma treatment by decreasing aqeous humor production.

Question 25

Which three receptors are responsible for aqueous humor control?

Answer 25

Alpha 2
Beta1
Beta 2

Question 26

What are the use of the drugs metaproernol and terbutaline?

Answer 26

Metaproernol and terbutaline are both used for the treatment of obstructive airway diseases.

Both of these are B2 selective.

Terbutaline specifically is used for emergent status asthmaticus (IV)

Question 27

What mechanism does Albuterol work by?

Answer 27

Albuterol works specifically on B2 receptors to stop bronchospasm.

Question 28

What is one of the main uses for the drug Ritodrine?

Answer 28

This drug serves to use as a uterine relaxant.

Question 29

Fenoldopam, what does it do baby!?

Answer 29

Is a D1 agonist with some stimulation of alpha2 adrenoceptors.

Used most commonly in hypertensive crisis!

Question 30

What is the beautiful use of the drug isoproterenol?

Answer 30

This drug is beautifully used to agonize Beta receptors WITHOUT EFFECTING ALPHA RECEPTORS.
This is beaituful because it can treat HR without effecting BP.