Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

3 Divisions of the ANS

Answer 1

1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic
3. Enteric (Not discussed)

Question 2

Functions of the ANS

Answer 2

1. Maintain homeostatic conditions
2. Coordinate body’s response to stress, injury, exercise
3. Assists endocrine system to regulate reproduction

Question 3

Where are postganglionic neurons found?

Answer 3

In the Autonomic Ganglion

Question 4

Differentiate Somatic Motor Systems from Autonomic Motor Systems

Answer 4

Somatic: Direct motor transmission to the skeletal muscle

Autonomic: Preganglionic fibers transmit to Autonomic Ganglions then pass information to the postganglionic fibers to end effector organs

Question 5

What channels do acetylcholine open?

Answer 5

Sodium Channels

Question 6

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic both use what neurotransmitter?

Answer 6

Acetylcholine

Question 7

Receptors for Sympathetic Division?

Answer 7

Adrenergic

Question 8

In Parasympathetic Division what secretes acetylcholine?

Answer 8

Post-ganglionic Fibers

Question 9

Alternate name of Sympathetic Division?

Parasympathetic Division?

Answer 9

Thoracolumbar Division

Craniosacral Division

Question 10

Sympathetic Pre-Ganglionic Secrete?

Post-Ganglionic Secrete?

Answer 10

Pre: Acetylcholine
Post: Norepinephrine

Question 11

All post-ganglionic of the Sympathetic Division secrete Norepinephrine except?

Answer 11

Blood Vessels

Sweat Glands

Question 12

[T/F] Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter found in the pre-ganglionic fibers

Answer 12

F

There are other neurotransmitters which may modulate effects

Question 13

What provides the fast EPSP’s?

Answer 13

Nicotinic Receptors

Question 14

Which Division is more generalized?

Which one is more specific? Why?

Answer 14

Sympathetic Division is more generalized

The parasympathetic ganglions are closer to the end organs making the effects more local and precise

Question 15

Acetylcholine is degraded by?

Answer 15

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 16

Adrenal Medulla can target a lot more because it uses this pathway to spread Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine?

Answer 16

Blood Stream

Question 17

Chromaffin Cells are what kind of ganglionic fibers?

Answer 17

Post-ganglionic

Question 18

Adrenaline is from what AA?

Answer 18

Tyrosine

Question 19

Origin of Adrenaline Pathway

Answer 19

Tyrosine -> Dopamine -> Noradrenaline -> Adrenaline

Question 20

Locus Coeruleus neurons produce?

Answer 20

Noradrenaline

Question 21

Organs Effected by Locus Coeruleus (A4, A6, Subcoeruleus)

Answer 21

Brainstem Nuclei (Sensory)
Hippocampus
Cerebral Cortex

Question 22

Major Neuronal Sources of Noradrenaline (2)

Answer 22

Ventral Tegmental Nuclei

Locus Coeruleus Nuclei

Question 23

Most Important Source of Adrenaline

Answer 23

Adrenal Medulla

C1, C2, C3 Neurons
Unlike Noradrenaline which are A1-A6

Question 24

Can a single neuron contain both Adrenergic and Noradrenergic transmitters?

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

What neurons are all cholinergic?

Answer 25

Preganglionic

Question 26

In a normal individual what is the BP response when one changes position from recumbent to standing? Normal heart rate response?

Answer 26

Assumption of an upright posture causes blood to shift downwards, creating a decrease in stroke volume. The circulatory adjustment to orthostatic stress is rapid in healthy subjects. Mechanisms like cardiopulmonary reflexes, venoarteriolar reflexes, and vasopressin (AVP) and renin-angiotensin systems contribute to maintenance of postural normotension (Wieling & Van Lieshout, 1993).

Question 27

Galvanic Skin-Resistance Test

Answer 27

Excessive Sweating