Automotive and Shop Information Flashcards
What are the three most common cylinder arrangements in internal combustion engines?
inline; horizontally opposed (flat); V-type
What are two likely causes of pre-ignition?
a glowing spark plug; a hot piece of carbon
What are the two advantages of a four-valve cylinder head over a two-valve cylinder head?
higher engine operating speeds; more complete combustion of the air-fuel mixture
What three things must be present before combustion can occur in an internal combustion engine?
air; fuel; a heat source
What are the four strokes of a four-stroke cycle from first to last?
intake; compression; power; exhaust
25 degrees BTDC (before top dead center) is an example of _____ ignition timing.
advanced
In a double overhead cam arrangement, what does each cam do?
One cam operates the exhaust valves; the other operates the intake valves.
What are TDC and BDC?
top dead center; bottom dead center. Travel from TDC to BDC and back constitutes one stroke.
What function does a cylinder perform?
A cylinder forms a guide for the piston, allowing the piston to move up and down as the engine completes its cycle.
What happens in an engine’s oil pan?
Oil drips from various engine parts into the pan, cools, and is picked up by the oil tube and sent back to the oil pump.
_____ send data to a car’s computer; _____ receive commands from a car’s computer.
Sensors; actuators
What are the two major types of engine cooling systems?
air-cooling and water-cooling
What does a crankshaft do?
A crankshaft converts the linear motion of the piston into rotary motion.
_____ protect other car parts from the energy produced by the up-and-down movement of the wheels.
Shock absorbers
What do piston rings do?
Piston rings seal the cylinder so that exhaust gases do not leak out and oil does not leak in.
What are ball joints?
Ball joints are ball-and-socket arrangements that allow the steering knuckle to turn and move up and down.
What flows through radiator hoses?
coolant flowing from the radiator to the engine and returning from the engine to the radiator
_____ can transmit power through very steep angles in order to transfer mechanical energy to the car’s wheels.
Constant velocity (CV) joints
Define engine block.
The engine block is a framework in which the cylinders are arranged.
What is the difference between disc brakes and drum brakes?
In disc brakes, brake pads on both sides of a rotating disc are pinched together to slow the disc’s rotation. In drum brakes, brake shoes inside a rotating drum expand to make contact with the interior of the drum, slowing its motion.
Most internal combustion engines employ a _____-stroke cycle.
four
The ____ matches engine speed to the desired speed of the vehicle.
transmission
What is a PCM?
Powertrain control module - that is, a car’s computer
_____ work by adjusting the brake pressure in each wheel depending on the wheel’s speed.
Anti-lock brakes (ABS)
The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft by means of a ____.
timing belt or timing chain
What does a fuel rail do?
A fuel rail delivers fuel under pressure to the engine’s fuel injectors.
The low-voltage winding in a car’s ignition system is called the ____.
primary coil winding
Does an alternator produce DC or AC power?
AC
Spent fuel gases exit the cylinder and pass into the ____.
exhaust manifold
Define stoichiometric ratio.
The stoichiometric ratio is the ideal air-fuel mixture for insertion into the engine cylinder. For gasoline engines, this is 14.7:1 by weight.
What are a car’s water jackets?
Water jackets are hollow sections of the engine block through which coolant flows.
What five functions does an engine’s lubrication system perform?
The lubrication system lubricates, cools, seals, cleans, and quiets.
What does an automatic transmission use instead of a clutch?
a torque converter
The transaxle in a front-wheel drive vehicle combines which two components that are normally distinct in a rear-wheel drive vehicle?
transmission; drive axle
What parts have been eliminated in coil-on-plug ignition systems?
spark plug wires
The most common types of fuel injection systems are ____ and ____.
multiport fuel injection; direct injection
What are the two main components of engine oil?
base oil; additive package
What is the optimal range of pressure in a cooling system?
9 to 16 psi (pounds per square inch)
What is the most likely cause of engine “knock”?
The air-fuel mixture explodes (detonates) rather than burns, often due to a lean air-fuel mixture.
Define piston.
The piston is a cylindrical object that moves up and down inside an engine’s cylinder.
The AC electricity produced by the alternator is converted to DC by the ____.
rectifier (or rectifier bridge)
The ____ is the main component of the charging system and converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
alternator
Why is a coolant recovery reservoir necessary?
A coolant recovery reservoir is needed to capture overflow when the radiator pressure cap valve opens, because the flow of coolant between the engine and radiator varies based on the heat of the engine.
The high-voltage winding in a car’s ignition system is called the ____.
secondary coil winding
Does a car’s battery provide DC or AC electricity?
DC
OHV stands for ____.
overhead valve
What are oil galleries?
Oil galleries are passages throughout the engine that deliver oil to various engine components.
In most cars, exhaust gases pass from the catalytic converter and through the ____ before leaving the car.
muffler
A radiator cap has two valves: a(n) ____ valve and a(n) ____ valve.
pressure; vacuum (or vacuum; pressure)
Define viscosity.
The viscosity of a liquid is its resistance to flow; liquids with higher viscosity are thicker and flow less easily.
What does a connecting rod do?
Connect rods connect each piston to the engine’s crankshaft.
Internal combustion engines take ____ energy, convert it into ____ energy and then into ____ energy.
chemical; heat; mechanical
Engine coolant is usually composed of a mixture of ____% antifreeze and ____% water.
50; 50
Diesel engines employ _____ to ignite the air-fuel mixture.
a high compression ratio (or high pressure)
Where is the oil filter positioned in an engine?
The oil filter filters oil after it leaves the oil pump and before it circulates through the engine.
Brakes work through ____ pressure.
hydraulic (or fluid)
What is chiefly responsible for generating fluid pressure to operate a car’s brakes?
the master cylinder
What does a camshaft do?
A camshaft opens and closes the cylinders’ intake and exhaust valves.
Diesel engines lack a ____ (a common element in gasoline-burning engines).
spark-ignition system
Between the drive axle and the CV joints is a short drive shaft called the ____.
half shaft
What does an intake manifold do?
An intake manifold is the structure that delivers air to the intake ports of the engine’s cylinders.