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Haematology & immunology > Automated haematology > Flashcards

Automated haematology Flashcards

1
Q

White blood count

A

x109/1

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2
Q

Red cell count

A

x1012/1

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3
Q

Platelet count

A

x109/1

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4
Q

Haematocrit

A

Ratio

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5
Q

Haemoglobin

A

g/1

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6
Q

Mean cell volume

A

Fl

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7
Q

Mean cell haemoglobin

A

Pg

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8
Q

Mean cell haemoglobin concentration

A

g/1

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9
Q

White cell differential

A

Absolute count or percentage

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10
Q

Haemoglobin

A

The iron-containing oxygen transport protein contained within the red cells

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11
Q

Mean cell volume

A

PCV x10/RBC

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12
Q

Mean cell haemoglobin

A

HGB x 10/RBC

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13
Q

Mean cell haemoglobin concentration

A

HGB x 100/ PCV%

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14
Q

MCV

A

Average size of the erythrocytes (fl)

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15
Q

MCH

A

Average weight of haemoglobin per cell (pg)

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16
Q

MCHC

A

Average haemoglobin concentration per cell (g/dl)

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17
Q

Automation

A

Improve quality attributes of a process

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18
Q

Impedance principle

A

Red cells are non-conductive, blood is diluted in diluting medium (conductor) ) passed through a charged aperture = count particles that pass through

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19
Q

Current interruption as cell passes through the aperture

A

1 pulse = 1 cell

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20
Q

Problems, backflow, angle, more than one cell passing through

A

Solution= hydrodynamic focussing

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21
Q

PLTS are smaller than WBC + RBC

A

WBC _ second dilution + counting chamber after losing red cells

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22
Q

Automated PCV & MCV

A

MCV = PCV /RBC

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23
Q

Anomalies

A

Red cell distribution width

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24
Q

hemoglobin measurement

A

Losing RBC’s = haemoglobin (Hb/HGB). Convert to cyanmethaemoglobin (oxidation of Fe2 Fe3) reactive compound attaches to Fe³ to form a
stable measurable compound. 540nm

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25
Q

How to separate the subclasses of WBC

A

Size
nuclear properties
staining properties

26
Q

Methodologies of counting / measurement

A

Impedance
Conductivity
Laser scatter
Absorbance cytochemistry

27
Q

Automated white cell counting example

A

Principle. Fluorescence: RNA and DNA
Side scatter: internal cell structure
Forward scatter: cell size

28
Q

How does sysmex count

A

Each cell passed through the beam scatters light
Fluorescent dyes from preparation stage are excited = emit light at lower frequency
Detectors analyse fluctuations in the brightness

29
Q

Forward scatter

A

Info about cell size

30
Q

Size scatter

A

Internal cell complexity
Shape & size of nucleus
Number & type of granules
Certain membrane properties

31
Q

Side fluorescence

A

Reflects amount of RNA and DNA in the cell (reflects activity)

32
Q

Cell membrane of white cells to be permeable to fluorescent dye are?

A

Lysed

33
Q

Lymphocytes have…

A

Low complexity, small size, low rna/dna activity unless activated

34
Q

Monocytes

A

Larger, more granules on cytoplasm, larger nucleus + nuclei acid content

35
Q

Neutrophils basophils eosinophils

A

Larger, most granularity, eosinophils most granularity/neutrophils. Baso sometimes act as neutro

36
Q

Immature granulocytes can be counted using a

A

Parameter- find sepsis

37
Q

Immature myeloid leucocytes found in marrow include.

A

Band cells
Myelocytes
Metamyelocytes
Promyelocytes
Blast cells

38
Q

Adaptive flagging algorithm based on shape recognition examines

A

Number of ‘events’, shape, position, angle, size length and width

39
Q

Nucleated red cells usually confused with lymphocytes

A

Nucleated are shrunk instead of lysed due to cell membranes are perforated instead.
Then stained + measured by flow cytometry, forward scatter, side fluorescence.

40
Q

How to count basophils

A

Lyce red cells= leaves nucleated forms as bare nuclei.
Use a Diluent of specific pH to shrink cytoplasm of leucocytes apart from basophils.= selective suppression of degranulation of the basophils = allows separation into basophils, nucleated red cells + other leucocytes

41
Q

Nucleated red cell/basophil channel

A

Basophils separated by being larger, stronger nuclear RNA/DNA Presence and hypergranularity

42
Q

What do we notice about platelets?

A

Difficult to enumerate accurately

43
Q

Impedance platelets

A

Cells are resistors = measure by impedance + count pulses

44
Q

Optical platelets

A

Stained with same dye as reticulocytes, may be enumerated.
RNA/DNA content is stained

45
Q

Fluorescent platelet count

A

Specialised fluorescent dye which stains internal structure of platelets
Extended time of counting = more accurate

46
Q

Flow cytometry is

A

The preferred method for platelet count
Labelling platelets with marker

47
Q

Raised while cells mean…

A

Bacterial infection (neutrophils + monocytes)

48
Q

Raised lymphocyte counts mean…

A

Viral infection/Leukaemia

49
Q

Low white cell counts…

A

Associated with some drugs

50
Q

Large Red cells (macrocytosis) is associated with…

A

Liver disease
Vitamin B12
Folate deficiency

51
Q

Small red cells (microcytosis) is associated with…

A

Iron deficiency
Haemoglobinopathy (thalassaemia)

52
Q

Raised red cell count..

A

Cardiac problems

53
Q

Low red cell count..,

A

Some anaemias

54
Q

Low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia)

A

Bleeding
Liver disease
Marrow failure
Clotting problems
Immune disorders

55
Q

High platelet counts…

A

Trauma
Post operative reaction
Clotting problems
Marrow disorders

56
Q

Full blood count provides info relating to…

A

Blood cells (leucocytes)
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

57
Q

Blood cells are called…

A

leucocytes

58
Q

Red blood cells are called…

A

erythrocytes

59
Q

Platelets are called…

A

thrombocytes

60
Q

Automated analysers are…

A

Particle counters
= cells + extended info is provided using the characteristics of these cells.

Haematology & immunology (11 decks)

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