Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD Flashcards
UK prevalence of autism spectrum disorder is around?
1%
what are risk factors for autism?
advanced maternal/paternal age
prematurity
perinatal hypoxia
what genetic conditions are associated with autism?
fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis and Angelmann syndrome.
what % of autism cases are diagnosed by chromosomal analysis and microarray ?
chromosomal analysis = 5%
microarray = 10%
what three key areas do autistic people struggle with?
Impaired Social Communication
Restrictive or Repetitive activities
Abnormality of Social Interaction
what should be looked at on examination of autism cases?
Skin stigmata of neurofibromatosis or tuberous sclerosis using a Wood’s light.
Signs of injury, for example self-harm or child maltreatment.
Congenital anomalies and dysmorphic features including macrocephaly or microcephaly.
what age must symptoms be present for autism ?
3
what age must symptoms be present for ADHD?
6
what are some DD for autism?
learning difficulties attachment disorders retts syndrome schizophrenia specific language disorders
what is retts syndrome ?
A rare genetic syndrome occurring mostly in girls. It presents in affected girls who develop normally for the first 6 months, but then by 18 months of age begin to regress and lose skills. Marked features include speech delay and repetitive hand movements, in particular hand-wringing and flapping.
what are two management techniques of autism?
Behavioural management strategies – visual timetables, preparation and explanation for changes in routine.
Educational measures - special school
what does ADHD stand for?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
what is the prevalence of ADHD in the UK?
7%
what is the heritability of ADHD?
88%
what are the two criteria used for ADHD?
ICD-106 or DSM-V7.
what age must symptoms be present for ICD-10 criteria ?
before 6
what are the three subtypes of ADHD in DSM-V criteria ?
Inattention criteria include – “easily distracted by extraneous stimuli”, “forgetful in daily activities” and “often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities”.
Hyperactivity criteria include – “often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat”, “often talks excessively” and “is often on the go or often acts as if driven by a motor”.
Impulsivity criteria include – “often has difficulty waiting turn” and “often bursts out answers before questions have been completed”.
how is a diagnosis of ADHD made?
at least six of the criteria from either inattention category or hyperactivity/impulsivity category are met and have been present from before the age of 12 for at least six months. The impairment must be present in more than one setting and there must be evidence of the symptoms impairing the child’s functioning.
What are two DD for ADHD?
auditory processing disorder
oppositional defiant disorder
what is the questionnaire to give more information for ADHD?
Connors questionnaire
what is the management of moderate impairment ADHD?
CBT
parent education
what is the management of severe impairment ADHD?
medication is 1st line
what are the 5 medications licensed for ADHD?
methyphenidate atomoxetine lisdexamfetamine guanfacine antipsychotics (not used children)
which of the medication for ADHD is not stimulant?
guanfacine
what are SEs of ADHD medication?
raised blood pressure
palpitations (representing potentially dangerous arrhythmias)
disturbed sleep
impaired growth and appetite suppression
what are some adverse outcomes ADHD patients are more at risk of?
increased substance abuse, more criminal convictions and lower educational attainment and unemployment.
