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Psychiatry > Autism Spectrum Disorder > Flashcards

Autism Spectrum Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

Name five disorders that come under the umbrella term ‘autism’

A
  • Asperge’s syndrome
  • Rett’s syndrome
  • Childhood autism
  • Pervasive Developmental Disorder
  • Pervasive Developmental Disorder NOS
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2
Q

What are the common features of autism umbrella disorders?

A

Difficulties in social interaction and communication

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3
Q

What are the four core features of autism?

A

Social communication
Social interaction
Social imagination
Repetitive behaviours

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4
Q

Describe social communication in people with autism

A

Good language skills but find it hard to grasp the underlying meaning of conversation. Difficulty understanding jokes/metaphors/sarcasm. Voices often sound monotonous and language can be pedantic and idiosyncratic - narrow interests dominate conversation

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5
Q

Describe social interaction in people with autism

A

Difficulties picking up non-verbal cues, hard to understand another persons point of view. Struggle to make and sustain relationships

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6
Q

Describe social imagination in people with autism

A

Difficulties with abstract/flexible thinking, take things literally and have difficulties applying knowledge/skills across settings. Find it hard to project themselves into the future.

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7
Q

Describe repetitive behaviours of people with autism

A

Stereotype/repetitive motor movements, use of objects or speech Insistence on sameness inflexible adherence to routines or ritualised patterns of verbal or non-verbal behaviour. Highly restricted fixated interests of abnormal intensity of focus. Unusual sensory aspects.

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8
Q

What is the prevalence of autism?

A

1-2%

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9
Q

What environmental factors can cause autism?

A

Teratogens - usually in first 8 weeks of pregnancy

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10
Q

What biological factors can cause autism?

A

Foetal distress, birth injury/trauma, umbilical cord complications, meconium aspiration

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11
Q

What percentage of autism is heritable?

A

35-90%

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12
Q

State the risk factors for autism

A 
Rubella in pregnancy 
Tuberous sclerosis
Fragile X syndrome 
Encephalitis 
Untreated PKI
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13
Q

What type of chromosome changes occur in autism?

A

Deletion, duplication, insertion

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14
Q

What parts of the brain appear to change in autism?

A

Frontal lobe, amygdala, cerebellum

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15
Q

Which neurotransmitters are involved in autism?

A

Glutamate receptors - excitatory neurotransmitter
GABA - early development, cell migration/differentiation
Serotonin - regulation of neuronal development

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16
Q

What are the key diagnostic features for diagnosis in children?

A
  • speech and language difficulties
  • lack of awareness/interest in others
  • struggle with friendships (play alone)
  • gravitate to younger and older children
  • repetitive movements
17
Q

What are the key diagnostic features for diagnosis in adults?

A

Communication (eye contact, others perspective, social difficulties, repeat phrases, problems with conversation)
Social (shy, few relationships, rude/blunt, take things literally)
Rituals, obsessive interests, clumsy, unusual movements and sensory issues

18
Q

State three essential criteria for diagnosis of autism

A
  • present at early developmental period
  • clinically significant social/occupation impairment
  • not explained by another problem
19
Q

What mental disorders are people with autism more likely to have?

A 
Depression and anxiety (40-60%)
Eating disorders 20%
Tourettes 7%
OCD 30%
ADHD 65%
Dyspraxia/sensory processing disorder 17%
Dyslexia 70%
Language impairment 76%
20
Q

What percentage of autistic children have an IQ<70?

A

70%

21
Q

Which medical diseases are people with autism more likely to have?

A

Fragile X
Tuberous sclerosis
Seizure disorders
Visual/auditory impairment

22
Q

What are the non-pharmacological treatment options for autism?

A

Lessen deficits, family distress and increase quality of life/functional independence

  • self and family psychoeducation
  • SALT
  • family and social support
  • diet
23
Q

What treatment can be used short term to manage severe aggression and self harm?

A

Risperidone

24
Q

What medication can help with chronic insomnia?

A

Melatonin

Psychiatry (18 decks)

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