Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neurobiology of Adult Brain Disorders > Autism > Flashcards

Autism Flashcards

1
Q

The CDC estimates that 1 in __ persons have an ASD

A

59

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Autism is 4-5 x more likely to be diagnosed in __ than in __

A

males; females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T/F: ASD is more prevalent than childhood cancer, HIV, and diabetes combined

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the hallmark of autism?

A

a severe impairment in social interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the requirement for an ASD diagnosis

A

onset prior to three years of age
6 or more of 12 features involving: social interactions, communication, and repetitive & stereotypical behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F: behavior changes overtime

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Autism represents differences in __, __, and __

A

socialization, behavior, and communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T/F: rates of autism are decreasing

A

false; increasing but reasons are unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List three proposed etiologies of genetic origin of ASD

A

disease susceptible alleles
micro-deletion or micro-duplication syndromes
gene promoter mutations affecting gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List two of the proposed immunologic etiologies of ASD

A

maternal or childhood autoimmunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List three proposed environmental etiologies of ASD

A

prenatal exposures - mercury, lead, Phthalates
neonatal or infant exposures
oxidative stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Etiology of autism involves __ __ between __ and __ factors

A

complex interplay
genetics, environmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe some of the signs and symptoms of people with ASD

A

often have problems with social, emotional, and communication skills
might repeat certain behaviors and might not want to change their daily activities
many people have different ways of learning, paying attention, or reacting to things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T/F: signs of ASD begin during early childhood and typically last throughout a person’s life

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List three things some children or adults with ASD might:

A

not point at objects to show interest (for example, not point at an airplane flying over)
* not look at objects when another person points at them
* have trouble relating to others or not have an interest in other people at all
* avoid eye contact and want to be alone
* have trouble understanding other people’s feelings or talking about their own
feelings
* prefer not to be held or cuddled, or might cuddle only when they want to
* appear to be unaware when people talk to them, but respond to other sounds
* be very interested in people, but not know how to talk, play, or relate to them
* repeat or echo words or phrases said to them, or repeat words or phrases in place
of normal language
* have trouble expressing their needs using typical words or motions
* not play “pretend” games (for example, not pretend to “feed” a doll)
* repeat actions over and over again
* have trouble adapting when a routine changes
* have unusual reactions to the way things smell, taste, look, feel, or sound
* lose skills they once had (for example, stop saying words they were using)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most scientists agree that __ are one of the risk factors that can make a person more likely to develop ASD

A

genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Children who have a sibling with ASD are at a __ risk of having ASD

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ASD tends to occur __ often in people who have certain genetic or chromosomal conditions, such as __ __ __

A

more
fragile X syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When taken during pregnancy, the prescription drugs __ __ and __ have been linked with a higher risk of ASD

A

valproic acid
thalidomide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

There is some evidence that the critical period for developing ASD occurs __, __, and __ after __

A

before, during, immediately
birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Children born to __ parents are at a greater risk for having ASD

A

older

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some of the other conditions that may co-exist with ASD

A

ragile X syndrome
* Epilepsy and seizure disorders * Visual impairment/blindness
* Hearing impairment/deafness
* Down Syndrome
* Tuberous sclerosis
* Cerebral palsy
* Angelman’s Syndrome
* Eating disorders
* William’s Syndrome
* Prader-Willi Syndrome
* Fetal alcohol syndrome or effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Have an accurate diagnosis of ASD for a child with a comorbidity can help make important decisions for __ and __

A

treatment, education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some of the emotions people experience when their child is diagnosed with ASD

A

shock or denial
anger
guilt
rejection
confusion
fear
isolation
envy
relief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
In the DSM-5, ASD must meet criteria A which states
persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts deficits in social-emotional reciprocity deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships
26
In the DSM5, a patient with ASD must meet __ criteria
five
27
In the DSM-5, ASD must meet criteria B which states
restricted, repetitive patters of behavior, interests, or activities as manifested by at least two of the following, currently or by history * Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech * Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior * Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus * Hyper-or hypo-reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment
28
In the DSM-5, ASD must meet criteria C which states
Symptoms must be present in early developmental period (but may not become fully manifested until social demands exceed limited capacities, or may be masked by learned strategies later in life)
29
In the DSM-5, ASD must meet criteria D which states
Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning
30
In the DSM-5, ASD must meet criteria E which states
These disturbances not better explained by intellectual disability or global developmental delays
31
Early characteristics of social/ communication signs of ASD may include
infrequent response to name more interest in objects than people lack of social play lack of orienting to others lack of enjoyment of others lack of interest in peers
32
Young children with ASD are less likely to __ (give examples)
imitate other children's play facial expressions adult activities physical actions
33
Skills must be taught __ because children with ASD don't typically engage __ or learn by __
explicitly socially watching
34
What are some pre-language characteristics of ASD early diagnosis
lack of babbling, lack of gestures (pointing, waving) lack of joint attention
35
Define joint attention
used to share an experience with others by communicating through eye gaze, gestures, and vocalizations
36
Typically infants in the first year exhibit these signs of joint attention
shift their gaze from toys to people follow other's point monitor the gaze of others point to objects or events to share interest show toys to others
37
In autsim, first words may __ __ or __ and may not be __
develop late not at all typical
38
In ASD, children may have __ or __ speech, may have odd or robotic __ and may sound as if...
idiosyncratic/ peculiar intonation giving a lecture
39
T/F: higher functioning individuals with ASD may have no significant general delay in early language milestones or other cognitive abilities
true
40
What are some communication challenges those with ASD might face?
May talk excessively about their own special interests – Perseveration (“stuck” on one idea) – Decreased abstract language – Inappropriate social remarks – Difficulty understanding humor – Difficulty with conversational skills
41
List some repetitive-sensory mannerisms
hand flapping finger movements posturing spinning head banging
42
Children with ASD may have trouble with __ play and play with toys in a __ or __ way
pretend idiosyncratic / peculiar (line toys up or focus on odd parts)
43
Children with ASD may script and echo, define each of these
echo - child may respond to a question or statement by repeating what was said script - child may imitate commercials or videos
44
Children with ASD may insist on __ or have __ attachments
sameness unusual
45
Children with ASD often have __ interests that are ---
circumscribed all consuming, unusal in intensity
46
Restrictive and repetitive behaviors may...
be tactilely defensive see sensations over-respond or under-respond to sensory stimuli
47
T/F: Intellectual disability and ASD frequently co-occur
true
48
How should the distinction between intellectual disability and ASD occur?
to make comorbid diagnoses of ASD and ID, social communication should be below that expected for general developmental level
49
What are six early concerns of ASD
The child infrequently responds to his or her name when called by the caregiver The child does not engages in joint attention the child has trouble with eye contact the child does not imitate others the child does not respond emotionally to others the child does not engage in pretend play
50
T/F: When parents have a concern, they are usually wrong
false, 30-54% of parents of children with ASD had concerns before the 1st birthday, 80-90% had concerns by the second
51
What are the next steps after concerns for ASD?
child should be referred for developmental and autism screenings if screening results indicate concerns, the child should be referred to a qualified professional for evaluation and diagnosis
52
Research indicates that __ and __-__ intervention by competent professionals, particularly when partnering with __, can result in positive outcomes for many children with ASD
intensive, evidence-based parents
53
Where are some places you could turn for an evaluation?
developmental pediatrician child psychiatrist clinical psychologist occupational therapist physical therapist speech/language therapist social worker
54
What are some assessment tools that may be included in the evaluation process of ASD?
* Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) * The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) * The Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) * The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) * The Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI-R) * Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) * Psychoeducational Profile, 3rd Edition (PEP-III) * Parent Interviews for Autism (PIA)
55
List 8 interventions supported by significant scientific evidence for ASD
ABA Discrete Trial Training (DTT) Functional Communication Training (FCT) Pivotal Response training (PRT) antecedent-based interventions early intensive interventions social skills training cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
56
Define ABA
process of applying behavioral principles to change specific behaviors and simultaneously evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention
57
Describe ABA
emphasizes both prevention and remediation of problem behavior significant attention is given to social and physical environment
58
Describe DTT
using this intervention, a discriminative stimulus is presented, the child responds, and then the child receives a consequence based on the response aka "lovaas therapy'
59
Describe FCT
behavioral methodology that replaces disruptive or inappropriate behavior with more appropriate and effective communication communicative functions are determined through FBA and replacement behaviors are taught
60
Describe PRT
builds on a child's initiative and interests - enhances the pivotal learning variables of motivation, responding to multiple cues, self-management, and self-initiation, which serves to influence target behaviors within a natural settingD
61
Describe ABA
provides reinforcement or punishment after a behavior occurs set up antecedent conditions that increase the likelihood of success and reduce the probability of problem behaviors occuring
62
What is social skill straining effective for?
specific aspects of social training (eye contact, joint attention, and verbal greetings) can be learned with fouces training
63
T/F: CBT is one of the most widely used non-pharmacologic treatments for individuals with mental and emotional disorders, and its use within individuals with ASD is growing
true
64
CBT focuses on __ negative or ineffective patterns of thought and behavior with __ -_ that are effective in __ mood and adaptive functioning
replacing structured strategies improving
65
List some interventions with emerging or promising evidence for ASD
Developmental relationship-based treatment play therapy
66
List some interventions for ASD with limited scientific evidence
sensory integration auditory integration training supportive therapies nutritional supplements gluten and casein-free diet facilitated communicaiton
67
What are some interventions that are not recommended for individuals with ASD?
holding therapy secretin chelation for neurotoxicity
68
What causes Fragile X syndrome?
repeat expansion of (CGG)n trinucleotide in the 5'-untranslated region of the fmr1 gene on Xq27.3
69
In Fragile X, the expanded repeat results in _ _ of the fmr1 gene , and as a consequence, the absence of its __ __, __
transcriptional silencing protein product fragile x mental retardation protein (FMRP)
70
FMRP interacts with a subset of __ including its own and has been postulated to function as a __ __ __ __
mRNAs translation regulator in vivo
71
What are some clinical features of fragile X syndrome?
* moderate to severe mental * deterioration of IQ with age retardation * large ears and prominent jaw * age-related increase in the volume of the hippocampus * high-pitched and jocular * speech * increased testicular volume (macroorchidism) * * finger joint hypermobility an age-related decrease in the volume of the superior temporal gyrus decreased size of the posterior cerebellar vermis * mitral valve prolapse * mild dilatation of the ascending aorta * increased size of the fourth ventricle
72
What is the most common clinical feature of fragile X syndrome?
mental retardation
73
Describe the characteristics of fmr1 knockout mouse
Absent FMRP enlarged testicles long and thin dendritic spines subtle spatial learning abnormalities increased rate of cerebral glucose metabolism increased susceptibility to audiogenic seizure
74
DBP affects __ __
neuro-steroidogenesis
75
DBP __ the threshold and __ severity for seizures
lowers increases
76
Autism has a strong __ component
genetic
77
DBP is a __ __ __
ubiquitous environmental contaminant
78
Gestational exposure to __ induces autism-like behavior in mice
DBP
79
DBP __ the expression of key proteins involved in neurosteroidogenesis
inhibits

Neurobiology of Adult Brain Disorders (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions