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Neurobiology of Adult Brain Disorders > Affective Disorders > Flashcards

Affective Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

T/F: Affective disorders is a spectrum

A

True - a.d. are a group of related psychiatric and medical disorders

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2
Q

What are reasons affective disorders are grouped together?

A

identified by a common positive response to the same types of pharmacological treatments

aggregate strongly in families/ may share common heritable underlying physiologic anomaly

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3
Q

Most experimental evidence indicates that most of the affective disorders are associated with __ __ and __ __ in the __ __

A

aberrant electrical
chemical signaling
brain neurons

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4
Q

List five disorders within the spectrum of affective disorders

A

ADHD
Bipolar disorder
Body dysmorphic disorder
Bulimia nervosa + other eating disorders
cataplexy
dysthymia
general anxiety disorder
hypersexuality
impulse-control disorders
kleptomania
major depressive disorder
narcolepsy
OCD
panic disorder
PTSD
social phobia
MAY BE INCLUDED
chronic pain
intermittent explosive disorder
pathological gambling
personality disorder
pyromania
substance abuse and addiction (including alchoholism)

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5
Q

Define depression

A

overwhelming intense and constant feelings of sadness, helplessness, and hopelessness that interferes with your ability to function and leads to a loss of interest or pleasure in life

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6
Q

What is the peak age and gender for experiencing a major depressive epidosde?

A

22-44
2x more frequent in women

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7
Q

What are the classifications of depression (5)

A
  1. Dysthymia
  2. Bereavement (grief): 2 months
  3. Major (clinical) depression
  4. Seasonal affective disorder
  5. Manic-depression
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8
Q

Describe dysthymia

A

bad state of mind often due to addictions
commonly begins in late teens/ early twentys
can seem like angst/ bitterness more than anything
Most lead productive lives with a certain chronic melancholy

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9
Q

T/F: Married women have higher rates of depression than unmarried, the same for men

A

False.
Women is true, men experience the opposite

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10
Q

Which racial group has the highest rates of depressive symptoms?

A

Asian american adolescent girls

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11
Q

What percent of people experience a major depressive episode?

A

20%

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12
Q

__ times as many men die by suicide than women

A

4

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13
Q

What percent of depressed people commit suicide?

A

3%

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14
Q

The highest suicide rates in the US are found in __ __ over the age of ___

A

white men; 85

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15
Q

Women attempt suicide __/__ times as often as men

A

two/three

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16
Q

An estimated __ to __ attempted suicides occur per suicide death

A

12-25

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17
Q

T/F: As you age, the occurenece of suicide deaths increases

A

true 20-24 is 2300
25-34 is 4800
25-74 is 20000

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18
Q

What percentage of patients with depression have a comorbid anxiety disorder?

A

57.4%

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19
Q

Depression is a risk factor for…

A

alcholism/ drug abuse
obesity
dementia
cancer
heart disease
epilepsy
diabetes

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20
Q

What was one of the first treatments to depression?

A

lithium, stopped due to high levels of toxicity

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21
Q

Discuss the synthesis of serotonin (5-HT)

A

Tryptophan is hydroxylated with tryptophan hydroxylase to make 5-OH-Tryptophan
5-OH-Tryptophan is decarboxylated with pyridoxal phosphate and L-Amino Acid decarboxylase which makes 5-OH-Tryptamine or Serotonin
Can be added to monoamine oxidase to create 5-OH-Indole aldehyde

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22
Q

What are the dangerous effects of the serotonin syndrome?

A

hyperthermia, respiratory distress, hypertension, hypertonia, and convulsions

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23
Q

Iproniazaid belongs to what class of antidepressants?

A

MAOI

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24
Q

Describe the history of MAOIs

A

one of the first drugs to treat depression, originated as a tuberculosis medicine
improved mood and increased activity
used to treat depression in late 1950s and early 1960s

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25
Q

How does MAOI work?

A

irreversibly binds an MAO enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

26
Q

What does MAOI stand for?

A

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

27
Q

MAOIs are particularly effective in treating __ __

A

atypical depression

28
Q

Why are MAOIs reserved as a last line of treatment?

A

due to potentially lethal dietary and drug interactions
only used when SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants have failed

29
Q

Imipramine is a type of __ antidepressant

A

tricyclic

30
Q

Imipramine blocks both __ and __

A

serotonin, norepinephrine

31
Q

Imipramine can cause a high rate of… especially in patients with preexisting…

A

manic and hypomanic reactions,
biopolar disorder

32
Q

It is estimated that up to 25% of patients maintained on Imipramine will switch into __ or __

A

mania; hypomania

33
Q

What is imipramine also used for?

A

migraines, ADHD, post concussive syndrome, panic attacks, chronic pain, and Kleine-Levin syndrome (sleeping beauty syndrome)

34
Q

What are common side effects of imipramine?

A

weight gain, increased heart rate and blood pressure

35
Q

What does SSRI stand for?

A

serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor

36
Q

Fluoxetine is an ___

A

SSRI

37
Q

What was the first successfully marketed SSRI?

A

Fluoxetine (prozac)

38
Q

Prozac acts at the __ site, therefore only __ that was released by the __ would __

A

reuptake, serotonin, neuron, accumulate

39
Q

Prozac is beneficial for those suffering from…

A

depression, obsessive compulsive disorders, panic disorders, eating disorders, and premenstrual dysphoric disorders

40
Q

What are peer drugs of prozac?

A

zoloft, paxil

41
Q

Fluoxetine is based off of what template?

A

Benadryl
antihistamin drug - diphenhydramine hydrochloride

42
Q

SSRIs block the ___ molecules, thereby __ 5-HT at the ___. Binding of the __ molecules to __ __, as well as to ___ causes __ of action potential in __ __

A

serotonin transporter (SERT), increasing, synapse
5-HT, 5-HT(1A) autoreceptors, post-synaptic 5-HT(1A) hetero-receptors, inhibition, both neurons

43
Q

___ of the serotonergic raphe neurons causes a short term decrease in __ release

A

inhibition; 5-HT

44
Q

T/F: Prolonged 5-HT binding causes auto and post-synaptic 5-HT(1A)-R molecules to desensitize

A

False; only auto, not post-synaptic

45
Q

Desensitization of the auto-5HT(1A)-R molecules eliminates __, boosting __ release from __ __ which brings about __ __ signaling, which, in addition to __ is also like to expression of genes that regulate __ and __

A

hyperpolarization, 5HT raphe nuclei, increased post-synaptic 5-HT(1A)R
hyperpolarization
neurogenesis; synaptogenesis

46
Q

The hyperpolarization will be __ and the desensitization __ efficient with __ levels of __ receptors

A

increased
less
higher
5-HT(1A)-R

47
Q

How long does response to remission take?

A

6-12 weeks

48
Q

How long does remission to recovery take?

A

4-9 months

49
Q

Recovery continues after __ _

A

1 year

50
Q

What are the three stages of treatment phases?

A

response, remission, recovery

51
Q

T/F: Depression is a graded disorder, ranging from low grade dysthymia to severe depression

A

true

52
Q

Describe the biosynthetic pathway for catecholamine neurotransmitters

A

tyrosine uses tyrosine hydroxylase to make dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) which uses DOPA decarboxylase to make Dopamine which uses Dopamine-beta hydroxylase to make norepinephrine which uses phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase to make epinephrine

53
Q

Describe the synthesis of serotonin

A

tryptophan uses tryptophan-5-hydroxylase to make 5-hydroxytryptophan which uses aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase to make serotonin (5HT)

54
Q

For noram anxiety levels, it is essential to have __ expression up to post natal day __

A

5-HT(1A)-R; 21

55
Q

T/F: Turning off the 5-HT(1A)-R during development is sufficient to reverse the rescue phenotype

A

true

56
Q

Does turing off the 5-HT(1A)-R expression in adult mice make them anxious?

A

no

57
Q

Early postnatal expression of the __ receptor is essential for __ __ and normal levels of __ in adulthood

A

5-HT(1A) receptor
brain development
anxiety

58
Q

What does the 5-HT(1A)-Receptor probably regulate?

A

the development of normal brain circuitry, especially in the limbic system

59
Q

5-HT(1A)-R signaling causes __ of __ through __ in the P6 DG

A

activation; Erk1/2, PKC(epsilon)

60
Q

ERK1/2 activation is followed by __ __, which is the rate-liming step in the activation of this __ __, without which activation of __ __ will not be possible

A

nuclear entry
signaling cascade
transcription factors

61
Q

T/F: Females do not show any significant difference in neuroblast proliferation between WT and 5-HT-1A-R

A

False; males

62
Q
A

Neurobiology of Adult Brain Disorders (10 decks)

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