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MONTH 1- Champagne, Alsace, Jura/Savoie, NZ, Australia > Australia > Flashcards

Australia Flashcards

1
Q

When did vines arrive on the continent?

A

with the First Fleet of British prisoners in 1788

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2
Q

Which 2 brands emerged during the early period in the 1850s and now are owned by Treasury Wine Estates?

A

Penfolds and Lindemans

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3
Q

What division started in the late 1800s and still exists today, fueled by lowered demand and restrictive state trade barriers?

A

some producers export to survive, whereas others remain small and localized

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4
Q

What befell Australia in the latter half of the 19th century, further harming the industry?

A

Economic recession and phylloxera

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5
Q

Officials took strict and immediate measures to combat the spread of phylloxera, confining it to where?

A

Victoria and a portion of New South Wales

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6
Q

Spared from phylloxera, what else rose South Australia to prominence?

A

the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, the federation brought a relaxation of the interstate trade barriers

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7
Q

South Australia annually produces how much of the nations wine?

A

about 50%, and most of Australia’s largest wine groups are headquartered there

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8
Q

From the post-phylloxera period until the 1960s, approximately 80% of Australia’s production consisted of what?

A

sweet, fortified wines

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9
Q

At the heart of Australian commercial winemaking are what tools?

A

technical proficiency, mechanical harvesting, irrigation, and blending

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10
Q

What is common at the mass-market level?

A

Cultured yeasts, acidification, and micro-oxygenation, chaptalization is not allowed

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11
Q

Why have Australian vinters planted on flat sites rather than hillsides?

A

They lack a large population (source of cheap labor), relying on mechanical harvesting

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12
Q

What is the CSIRO?

A

Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization

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13
Q

What did CSIRO develop?

A

the counterintuitive technique of minimal (zero) pruning, which actually restricts vigor, for Australia’s low cost vineyards

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14
Q

What is essential in the extremely dry climate of Australia?

A

Irrigation

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15
Q

Prior to the use of irrigation, which regions were unsuitable for viticulture?

A

Riverland in South Australia and Riverina in New South Wales, (together nearly 40% of Australia’s production)

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16
Q

What do vinters have to tread carefully around when irrigating?

A

Australia’s high-saline soils, must become adept at moisture management

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17
Q

When was Penfolds’ iconic “Grange” created?

A

Shiraz by Max Schubert in 1951 as “Grange Hermitage”

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18
Q

Why is “Grange” a testament to the Aussie style?

A

Unlike most luxury wines, “Grange”, is generally blended from many vineyards across several regions

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19
Q

What is Henschke’s high end Shiraz?

A

“Hill of Grace”

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20
Q

What does Australia boast in vineyards?

A

Vines over 150 yrs old in some areas

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21
Q

Yalumba’s cult Shiraz

A

“Octavius”

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22
Q

Clarendon Hills’ cult wine

A

“Astralis”

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23
Q

Torbreck’s cult Shiraz

A

“RunRig”

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24
Q

What has brought up questions about the long-term sustainability of some of the country’s irrigated vineyards?

A

The country’s southeastern regions gripped by severe and continuing drought, affecting the 2003, 2006-2009 vintages

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25
Q

What marked one of the worst natural disasters in Australia’s history in 2009?

A

terrible brush fires in Yarra Valley and other areas in Victoria, a direct effect of the dry weather

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26
Q

What is Wine Australia?

A

a government authority established in 1981 as the Australia Wine and Brandy Corporation

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27
Q

What does Wine Australia maintain?

A

oversight over the wine industry, regulating its label language, defining geographical boundaries of wine regions, moderating exports and trade, and promoting the product at home and abroad.

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28
Q

What is the Label Integrity Program?

A

est. for 1990 vintage, wines labeled by variety, vintage, or region to contain a min 85% of each

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29
Q

If multiple varieties are to be listed on the label, the grapes must be listed in what?

A

order of proportion in the blend

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30
Q

Regions in Australia are defined by Wine Australia as what?

A

Geographical Indications (GIs)

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31
Q

Australia’s appellations are purely what?

A

geographic; no restrictions on grape varieties, yields, etc

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32
Q

Within each state, Australian appellations are subdivided into what?

A

zones, regions, and sub-regions

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33
Q

Both regions and sub-regions are defined by Wine Australia as what?

A

single tracts of land, comprising at least 5 independently owned vineyards of at least five hectares apiece, with a min output of 500 tons of wine grapes annually.

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34
Q

Regions are not necessarily contained within a single____ , nor are zones necessarily contained within a single ____

A

zone, state

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35
Q

In 1996, Wine Australia authorized the multistate zone of what?

A

South Eastern Australia, which encompasses all of Victoria, Tasmania, and New South Wales, along with South Australia and Queensland.

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36
Q

What is site of the country’s first vineyards, planted in 1788?

A

New South Wales

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37
Q

What is The Great Dividing Range?

A

a complex of mountain ranges running along the north-south axis of eastern Australia, separates the wetter coastal areas from the more arid interior.

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38
Q

What is the heavily irrigated area west of the Great Dividing Range called?

A

Riverina region, also known as the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area

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39
Q

What is the heavily irrigated area west of the Great Dividing Range called?

A

Riverina region, also known as the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area

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40
Q

What producer of runaway success sources most of its fruit for its commerical brand from Riverina?

A

Casella, the [yellow tail] brand

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41
Q

What huge wine producer from Riverina produces “Noble One?”

A

De Bortoli creates this botrytised Semillon dessert wine.

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42
Q

What GIs occupies a gentle, flat river valley running eastward from the Brokenback Mountains to the coast?

A

the Hunter region (the lower half of the Hunter Valley zone)

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43
Q

Viticulture in the Lower Hunter Valley dates to when?

A

1830

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44
Q

During the 1855 Paris Exhibition, Napolean famously sipped what?

A

a sparkling Hunter Valley wine during the closing ceremonies

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45
Q

What is the climate of Hunter?

A

Subtropical, one of the warmest climates in Australia—

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46
Q

What conditions mitigate Hunters warm climate?

A

high amounts of humidity, rain, and wind

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47
Q

What wines shine in Hunter?

A

60% of output is white; Semillon, or “Hunter Riesling,” is the region’s greatest white grape.

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48
Q

What is an example of a top Hunter Valley Semillon?

A

Tyrrell’s “Vat 1”

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49
Q

Surprisingly for such a warm climate, Hunter Semillon rarely achieves more than _____ abv.

A

11-12%

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50
Q

What Portuguese white variety is popular in Hunter?

A

Verdelho, producing more aromatic, tropical-scented wines

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51
Q

What subregion of Hunter claims the oldest Verdelho plantings in the country?

A

Broke Fordwich, and offers dynamic Semillon wines sourced from sandy, alluvial soils

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52
Q

What are Hunter’s most important red grapes?

A

Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon

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53
Q

In the inland Southern New South Wales zone, the Canberra District region is technically split between what?

A

the state of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory

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54
Q

What performs extremely well in the Canberra District region’s continental climate?

A

Shiraz

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55
Q

What Canberra District Shiraz has rapidly risen to the ranks of Australia’s finest?

A

Clonakilla’s , co-fermented with a small percentage of Viognier

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56
Q

To the southwest of Canberra lies what alpine, cool-climate GI?

A

Tumbarumba GI

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57
Q

Tumbarumba GI produces what?

A

sparkling wines and still Pinot Noir and Chardonnay from the sun-drenched, basalt slopes of the Snowy Mountains.

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58
Q

What is the smallest and coolest state on the Australian mainland?

A

Victoria

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59
Q

Coastal Victoria is cooled by what?

A

sea breezes blowing up from Antarctica

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60
Q

In Victoria, the Port Phillip zone surrounding the city of Melbourne has what climate?

A

a cool maritime climate, experiencing winter average temperatures lower than Bordeaux or Burgundy.

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61
Q

A genuine range of depth, distinction and style is evident in the Pinot Noir wines of what places in Victoria?

A

Yarra Valley, Mornington Peninsula, the warmer Geelong region within Port Phillip, and the coastal Gippsland zone to the east

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62
Q

What GI is Victoria’s oldest wine region?

A

The Yarra Valley GI

63
Q

How has the Yarra Valley GI changed?

A

once the exclusive preserve of smaller boutique wineries, (like Mount Mary), but investment and larger producers have arrived with the region’s modern successes.

64
Q

Moët & Chandon started the Australian Domaine Chandon when and where?

A

Yarra Valley, 1987

65
Q

In addition to Pinot Noir, Yarra Valley produces elegant styles of what?

A

CabSauv, Chard, and Shiraz (often co-fermented with Viognier, and generally called “Syrah”)

66
Q

What 2 distinct soil types divide Yarra Valley?

A

grey-brown sandy loam and red basalt-derived soils

67
Q

Where does The Mornington Peninsula lie?

A

On a sliver of land to the south of Melbourne that encloses the Port Phillip Bay

68
Q

What is unique about The Mornington Peninsula’s climate?

A

cooler, windier region, one of Australia’s most profoundly maritime climates

69
Q

What thrives in The Mornington Peninsula’s climate?

A

Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris and Chardonnay thrive; much of the GI is too cool for late-ripening grapes like Cabernet Sauvignon.

70
Q

The inland zones of North East Victoria, North West Victoria, and Central Victoria experience what?

A

a more continental climate

71
Q

What typifies the inland zones of Victoria?

A

a large diurnal temperature shift

72
Q

What is the hottest inland zone in Victoria?

A

The North West Victoria zone, irrigation is essential

73
Q

What are the 2 GIs of The North West Victoria Zone and who are they shared with?

A

Murray Darling and Swan Hill, shared with state of New South Wales

74
Q

North West Victoria Zone’s vineyards are dominated by what?

A

Chardonnay and Shiraz

75
Q

What is the comparative climate of Central Victoria?

A

only slightly cooler than North West.

76
Q

What thrives in Central Victoria?

A

Red grapes, particularly Shiraz, thrive in the Bendigo, Heathcote, and Goulburn Valley GIs

77
Q

In Central Victoria, what compelling producer in the Nagambie Lakes subregion of Goulburn Valley, protected its vineyards from Phylloxera?

A

Tahbilk, today produces flagship Shiraz from vines planted in 1860.

78
Q

What estate boasts the oldest Marsanne vines in Australia, and possibly the world?

A

Tahbilk

79
Q

In the North East Victoria zone, what areas are famous for sweet fortified wines?

A

Rutherglen and Glenrowan

80
Q

In Rutherglen and Glenrowan, a fortified “Topaque” (formerly “Tokay”) style is produced from what?

A

Muscadelle grapes

81
Q

What Rutherglen wines are incredibly rich, sweet, and raisinated, with the more mature wines displaying marked rancio character?

A

Rutherglen’s aged, fortified Brown Muscat (Muscat à Petits Grains Rouge)

82
Q

What is The Muscat of Rutherglen Network?

A

a producers’ syndicate established in 1995, has developed a voluntary four-tier classification system for the wines based on age, sweetness, and complexity.

83
Q

What does a stylized “R” logo indicate on a label?

A

The Muscat of Rutherglen Network member wines

84
Q

The wine state of South Australia is divided into ___ zones,

A

8

85
Q

Where is production concentrated in the South Australia Zone?

A

the lower southeastern sector of the state.

86
Q

Where in South Australia is unsuitable for agriculture?

A

Much of the arid Far North zone, which covers the entire northern portion of the state

87
Q

What does the Limestone Coast Zone region of Coonawarra produce?

A

The cool, maritime-influenced region produces what is often considered Australia’s best Cabernet Sauvignon

88
Q

What are examples of Coonawarra’s best efforts?

A

Majella, Wynns’ “John Riddoch,” and Parker Estate’s “First Growth.”

89
Q

Coonawarra Cabernet is defined by….

A

elegance, soft tannins, red fruit, and a telltale note of eucalyptus

90
Q

What do the Coonawarra vines enjoy?

A

A long, even growing season moderated by frequent cloud cover

91
Q

What is a chief hazard in Coonawarra?

A

spring frost

92
Q

What is the aspect of Coonawarra?

A

seemingly flat, yet a very slight ridge and the well-drained red “terra rossa” topsoil provides optimal conditions for Cabernet Sauvignon.

93
Q

What GI to the north of Coonawarra produces a similar style of Cabernet?

A

Padthaway GI also includes areas of terra rossa soil

94
Q

Despite its slightly warmer climate, Padthaway has a more what?

A

even mix of red and white grapes, Riesling and Chardonnay occupy nearly 40% of the total vineyard acreage.

95
Q

What newer GIs compose the remainder of the Limestone Coast regions?

A

Wrattonbully, Robe, Mount Benson, and Mount Gambier

96
Q

What overall, dominates the cool-climate Limestone coast zone?

A

red grapes

97
Q

What zone is directly north of the Limestone Coast?

A

The Lower Murray zone

98
Q

What is the sole GI of The Lower Murray Zone?

A

the heavily irrigated, bulk wine-producing Riverland GI

99
Q

What is West of Lower Murray and the source of some of Australia’s finest wines?

A

the zones of Fleurieu, Barossa, and Mount Lofty Ranges

100
Q

What is the climate of Fleurieu?

A

essentially Mediterranean, tempered by Southern Ocean currents and the effects of the inland Lake Alexandrina, directly south of Langhorne Creek GI

101
Q

What is the Fleurieu zone’s most important and warmest GI?

A

McLaren Vale GI, a predominantly red wine area focusing on Cabernet Sauvignon and Rhône varieties.

102
Q

What are some of McLaren Vale’s best-known wines from extremely low-yielding vines?

A
  • D’Arenberg’s “Dead Arm” Shiraz
  • Yangarra’s “High Sands” Grenache
  • Drew Noon’s Grenache-based “Eclipse”
  • dry-farmed Clarendon Hills’ “Astralis” Shiraz
103
Q

North of the Fleurieu zone, Mount Lofty Ranges encapsulates what three regions?

A

Adelaide Hills, Adelaide Plains, and Clare Valley

104
Q

North of the Fleurieu zone, Mount Lofty Ranges encapsulates what three regions?

A

Adelaide Hills, Adelaide Plains, and Clare Valley

105
Q

What does well in Adelaide Hills GI?

A

Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and sparkling wines retain good acidity in the region’s cool maritime climate.

106
Q

What does well in Adelaide Hills GI?

A

Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and sparkling wines retain good acidity in the region’s cool maritime climate.

107
Q

What often produce the better wines in Clare Valley?

A

Higher-altitude, west-facing slopes, cooled by afternoon breezes and low nighttime temperatures.

108
Q

What often produce the better wines in Clare Valley?

A

Higher-altitude, west-facing slopes, cooled by afternoon breezes and low nighttime temperatures.

109
Q

What are the unofficial subregions of Clare Valley?

A

Watervale and Polish Hill River

110
Q

What are the Rieslings of Watervale like?

A

limestone, piercing, dry buoyed by lime candy, petrol, and tropical notes. Body and alcohol levels are generally a bit higher than Old World, yet the wines can be just as austere in their youth.

111
Q

Who was an early and fervent convert to the screwcap closure, and an acknowledged master of the Clare Valley Riesling style?

A

Grosset

112
Q

Adelaide Hills and Adelaide Plains should not be confused with what?

A

the Adelaide GI, a “super zone” allowing producers to blend freely from Barossa, Fleurieu, and Mount Lofty Ranges.

113
Q

Surrounded on three sides by Mount Lofty Ranges, the inland ____ zone is Australia’s most important region for premium Shiraz.

A

Barossa

114
Q

Where in the Barossa Zone is home to 150-year-old vines?

A

The Barossa Valley GI (a region within the Barossa zone)

115
Q

What is Barossa Shiraz traditionally aged in?

A

American oak hogsheads (300 liters), although many producers are now implementing more and more French oak barriques

116
Q

What is on the increase as some look to brighten and lift their Barossa wines, fixing color in the process?

A

Co-fermentation with Viognier, in the style of Côte-Rôtie

117
Q

____ is based in Barossa Valley, and the company’s iconic “____” bottling usually relies on a substantial portion of Barossa fruit

A

Penfolds, Grange

118
Q

____ is based in Barossa Valley, and the company’s iconic “____” bottling usually relies on a substantial portion of Barossa fruit

A

Penfolds, Grange

119
Q

What are other excellent sources for Shiraz and other burly, powerful reds from Barossa?

A

Torbreck, Peter Lehmann, and Rockford

120
Q

Comparatively, Eden Valley is more evenly distributed in what vs. Barossa Valley?

A

between white and red production

121
Q

Comparatively, Eden Valley is more evenly distributed in what vs. Barossa Valley?

A

between white and red production

122
Q

Name some key producers based in Eden Valley

A

Yalumba, Pewsey Vale, and Henschke

123
Q

Henschke is the producer of what famed wine?

A

“Hill of Grace” and its precursor, the “Mount Edelstone” Shiraz.

124
Q

Henschke is the producer of what famed wine?

A

“Hill of Grace” and its precursor, the “Mount Edelstone” Shiraz.

125
Q

Describe Margaret River GI

A

coastal region, production almost evenly split between red/white wines.

126
Q

Describe Margaret River GI

A

coastal region, production almost evenly split between red/white wines.

127
Q

What is the climate of Margaret River GI?

A

maritime climate

128
Q

Name some of Margaret River GIs best-known producers

A

Cullen, Vasse Felix, Leeuwin Estate and Cape Mentelle

129
Q

Name some of Margaret River GIs best-known producers

A

Cullen, Vasse Felix, Leeuwin Estate and Cape Mentelle

130
Q

What is Western Australia’s second-most prominent region?

A

The large Great Southern GI, to the east of Margaret River along the southern coastline

131
Q

The sub-region of Mount Barker excels today at what?

A

cool-climate Riesling, Shiraz, and Cabernet Sauvignon

132
Q

The sub-region of Mount Barker excels today at what?

A

cool-climate Riesling, Shiraz, and Cabernet Sauvignon.

133
Q

Western Australia is the country’s largest ____ and the wine regions within are the country’s most _____

A

state, isolated

134
Q

What 3 enormous zones cover the inland and southern coast in Western Australia?

A
  1. Eastern Plains
  2. Inland and North of Western Australia zone
  3. West Australian South East Coastal zone
135
Q

Whereis the majority of viticulture conducted in Western Australia?

A

the state’s southwestern coast, in the zones of South West Australia and Greater Perth

136
Q

What is the hottest appellation in Australia?

A

Swan Valley GI (region within Greater Perth)

137
Q

What are the 2 regions of Queensland?

A

Granite Belt and South Burnett

138
Q

What is the climate of the Granite Belt region?

A

a continental climate with plentiful summer rain, yet growing patterns for Shiraz and Semillon in the region are moderated by high altitude and cooler mountain air.

139
Q

What seems poised to become Queensland’s 3rd GI?

A

The unofficial region of Darling Downs, directly south of South Burnett

140
Q

What seems poised to become Queensland’s 3rd GI?

A

The unofficial region of Darling Downs, directly south of South Burnett

141
Q

What is the sole GI of Tasmania?

A

Tasmania, although unofficial regions exist & island can be broadly divided between the northern/southern sectors

142
Q

What is the sole GI of Tasmania?

A

Tasmania, although unofficial regions exist & island can be broadly divided between the northern and southern sectors

143
Q

What is the climate of Southern Tasmania like?

A

even cooler, although long sunshine hours during the growing season promote slow, even ripening.

144
Q

What is the climate of Southern Tasmania like?

A

even cooler, although long sunshine hours during the growing season promote slow, even ripening.

145
Q

What outnumber red plantings on Tasmania?

A

White grapes, particularly Chardonnay and Riesling, but not by a wide margin.

146
Q

What can flourish in the Pipers River area in Tasmania?

A

Pinot Noir

147
Q

What can be successful in the Tamar Valley and Coal River areas on Tasmania?

A

cool-climate Cabernet Sauvignon

148
Q

Overall, Tasmania’s island climate is perfectly suited for ___ winemaking

A

sparkling (finesse, elegance, and acidity can be maintained)

149
Q

What areas in Australia are known for Riesling?

A

Clare Valley, Eden Valley, Adelaide Hills (South Australia)

Henty, Geelong, Heathecote (Victoria)

150
Q

What areas are known for Semilloin/SB blends?

A 
Yarra Valley (Victoria)
Clare Valley, Adelaide Hills (South Australia)
Hunter Valley (New South Wales)
151
Q

Where is exceptional chardonnay produced in Australia?

A

Beechworth, Victoria (Giaconda Estate)

152
Q

Where does Pinot Noir excell in Australia?

A

Orange, Canberra (New South Wales)
Macedon Ranges, Yarra Valley, Geelong, Mornington Peninsula, Gippsland (Victoria)
Derwent Valley, Coal River, Huon Valley (Tasmania)

153
Q

Where do Grenache & Grenach blends do well in Australia?

A

Barossa Valley, McLaren Valley (South Australia)

154
Q

South Australia covers what 8 zones?

A
  1. Adelaide
  2. Barossa
  3. Far North
  4. Fleurieu
  5. Limestone Coast
  6. Lower Murray
  7. Mount Lofty Ranges
  8. The Peninsulas

MONTH 1- Champagne, Alsace, Jura/Savoie, NZ, Australia (7 decks)

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