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BMS248 Neural Circuits > Auditory System > Flashcards

Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

What do we use sound for?

A

communication, emotion, survival

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2
Q

What does sound cause

A

one dimensional movement of the two eardrums

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3
Q

Sound frequency units

A

pitch - Hz

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4
Q

Sound intensity units

A

loudness - dB

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5
Q

How is sound frequency achieved

A

cochlear mechanics and physiology of hair cells

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6
Q

How is sound intensity achieved

A

firing rate of many ANFs

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7
Q

How is the ear adapted for sound duration

A

specialised sensory cell synapses for sustaining high rates of neurotransmitter release

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8
Q

What features of sound need encoding

A

frequency, intensity, onset, duration

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9
Q

What innervates the cochlear

A

auditory nerve

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10
Q

What lies on the basilar membrane

A

organ of corti

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11
Q

What are the chambers of the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli, scala media and scala tymphani

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12
Q

characteristics of endolymph

A

high potassium, low calcium

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13
Q

Perilymph characteristics

A

normal

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14
Q

Structure of the cochlear

A

spiral

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15
Q

Cells at the top of the cochlear detect

A

low frequencies

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16
Q

What is preserved throughout the auditory pathway

A

tonotopicity

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17
Q

What establishes tonotopicity

A

basilar membrane travelling wave

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18
Q

What are all hair cells defined by?

A

stereocilia hair bundle and MET channels

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19
Q

Where are MET channels located

A

tips of shorter hair cells

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20
Q

How are MET channels opened

A

force applied to tip links - opens channels

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21
Q

What channels are located on the basolateral membrane of general hair cells

A

voltage gated Ca2+ and voltage gated K+ channels

22
Q

What ion causes the inward resting transducer current

A

potassium

23
Q

What is surrounded by endolymph?

A

apical surface of hair cells and stereocilia

24
Q

True or False - endolymph and perilymph mix

A

false

25
Q

Effect of large movement/deflection of hair bundle on cell

A

channels open, large transducer current depolarises the cell

26
Q

Excitatory deflection of hair bundle on APs

A

rapid train of action potentials

27
Q

MET current during inhibitory deflection

A

NO MET current

28
Q

Transducer channels closed causes

A

hyperpolarisation

29
Q

Inner hair cells

A

primary sensory receptors of mammalian cochlear

30
Q

Difference between IHC and general hair cell

A

number of different potassium channels on cell membrane

31
Q

Membrane potential oscillations

A

MP oscillates between depolarisation and hyperpolarisation at the same frequency as sound

32
Q

Inner hair cell hair bundle deflect effect

A

hair cell depolarises and nerve activity increases

33
Q

When do oscillations saturate

A

2/3 kHz

34
Q

How does the cell respond to sound frequencies above 2/3 kHz

A

sustained graded receptor potential

35
Q

What is the function of OHCs

A

cochlear amplifier

36
Q

What is present on OHCs cell membrane

A

prestin

37
Q

Prestin function

A

allows cells to contract in response to changes in MP

38
Q

Efferent fibres effect on OHCs

A

inhibitory - turn OHCs off

39
Q

What are efferent fibres associated with

A

post-synaptic cisterns

40
Q

Resting transducer current is larger in

A

OHCs

41
Q

Effect of sound on OHCs

A

cell shortens and elongates

42
Q

Depolarisation effect on OHCs

A

shortens

43
Q

Function of OHCs up and down movement

A

positive feedback, increases movement of basilar membrane, to increase IHC stimulation

44
Q

Which afferent neurons in the cochlear are resilient to nerve damage

A

type 1 SGNs

45
Q

What do type 1 SGNs innervate

A

IHCs

46
Q

Function of type 1 SGNs

A

carry all sound information from IHCs to cochlear nucleus

47
Q

What do type 2 SGNs innvervate

A

OHCs

48
Q

Function of Type 2 SGNs

A

not known, thought to be related to nociception in cochlear

49
Q

Characteristics of type 2 SGNs

A

branched, synapse in cochlear nucleus

50
Q

Sound information transport

A

carried to brain via type 1 SGNs, type 1 SGNs contact IHCs and type 2 SGNs contact OHCs

BMS248 Neural Circuits (9 decks)

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