auditory system

Question 1

what is the innervation for tensor tympani muscle?

Answer 1

V3

Question 2

what is the innervation for tensor tympani stapedius muscle?

Answer 2

facial

Question 3

what is interaural distance?

Answer 3

the difference between the side of the noise and the non noise side.

Question 4

what are the three chambers of the cochlea?

Answer 4

scala vestibuli
cochlear duct
scala tympani

Question 5

the scala vestibuli and tympani has type of liquid in it?

Answer 5

perilymph

Question 6

the cochlear duct has what type of liquid in it?

Answer 6

endolymph

Question 7

the sensory part of the cochlea is in what tube?

Answer 7

cochlear duct

Question 8

high frequency sounds activate what part of the cochlea?

Answer 8

the basal end, close to the oval window

Question 9

low frequency sounds activate what part of the cochlea?

Answer 9

the apical end, far from the oval window

Question 10

the outer spiral bundles do what?

Answer 10

phase match and interpretation

modulate the signal

Question 11

what do the inner hair cells do?

Answer 11

transmit the signal

Question 12

what is the membrane that sits over the hair cells?

Answer 12

tectorial membrane

Question 13

the auditory nerve will go to what 3 cochlear nuclei?

Answer 13

dorsal
posterovental
anteroventral

Question 14

from the ventral cochlear nucleus where does the synapse occur?

Answer 14

superior olive

Question 15

what are the two major divisions of the superior olive of the pons?

Answer 15

medial

lateral

Question 16

the medial superior olive does what?

Answer 16

location/timing

Question 17

the lateral superior olive does what?

Answer 17

intensity

Question 18

from the superior olives where is the next synapse?

Answer 18

inferior colliculus

Question 19

what three things synapse at the inferior colliculus?

Answer 19

dorsal cochlear nucleus
lateral superior olive
medial superior olive

Question 20

once you are at the inferior colliculus what is formed?

Answer 20

a full spatial map

integration of sound occurs here

Question 21

what do the nerves travel in to get to the inferior colliculus?

Answer 21

lateral lemniscus

Question 22

what are the two aspects to the inferior colliculus?

Answer 22

• central which is tonotopically organized

- shell not tonotopic

Question 23

what is the medial geniculate?

Answer 23

the nucleus in the thalamus where neurons from the inferior colliculus synapse

Question 24

what is the brachium of the inferior colliculus?

Answer 24

the tracts that the nerves from the inferior colliculus travel in to get to the medial geniculate in the thalamus

Question 25

the dorsal nucleus gets to the inferior colliculus faster than the ventral nucleus. This goes to the thalamus and activates other nuclei as well as the amygdala, what does this do?

Answer 25

activates the autonomic pathway to get out of the way

• for the most part not tonotopic
• *remember that you jump first once you hear a loud noise

Question 26

from the medial geniculate where do the neurons go?

Answer 26

the cortex, on the top portion of the temporal lobe

called primary auditory cortex or Heschls gyrus

Question 27

is the primary auditory cortex tonotopically organized?

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

which sound is considered non threatening, how or low frequency?

Answer 28

high frequency

Question 29

what is the spoken language pathway?

Answer 29

primary auditory cortex->wernicke’s area->broca’s area->motor area

Question 30

what is the blood supply of wernicke’s area?

Answer 30

MCA(internal carotid) and PCA (vertebral artery)

Question 31

what is the blood supply of Broca’s area?

Answer 31

MCA only

Question 32

how is wernicke’s area and broca’s area connected?

Answer 32

arcuate fasciculus which is an associative commissure

Question 33

descending pathways

Answer 33

from the cortex to the shell of the inferior colliculus which inhibits all the autonomic pathways
-ex. you don’t jump the second time a loud sound is made

Question 34

what are 3 functions of the descending/feedback pathways?

Answer 34

startle control
sound dampening
sound focusing

Question 35

peripheral auditory signs and symptoms

Answer 35

hearing loss

tinnitus: perception of noise in the absence of external sound
hyperacusis: low tolerance to sound

Question 36

Central auditory signs and symtoms

Answer 36

aphasia: language disorders due to brain damage, not motor

Question 37

hyperacusis, what is it and what causes it?

Answer 37

• low tolerance to sound

- damage to superior olive cochlear efferent or to cranial nerve V or VII

Question 38

what is aphasias?

Answer 38

language disorder due to brain damage

1. comprehension/production of spoken/written vocabulary/grammar
2. dominant hemisphere (left)
3. Not a disorder of producing speech

Question 39

most common aphasias

Answer 39

affecting spoken language

Question 40

major aphasias

broca’s

Answer 40

understands speech

speech: nonfluent, hesitant, impaired naming, broken speech

Question 41

major aphasias

wernicke’s

Answer 41

impaired speech comprehension
speech is fluent but jargon and often meaningless
-anosognosia: lack of awareness of communication problem

Question 42

major aphasias

global (wernicke and broca)

Answer 42

impaired speech comprehension

speech: nonfluent: impaired (also impaired writing)

Question 43

major aphasias

conduction

Answer 43

understands speech
speech: fluent with paraphasias (wrong words)
impaired repetition