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Neurology and neuroscience > Auditory and vestibular systems > Flashcards

Auditory and vestibular systems Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of motion do vestibular organs capture?

A

LOW FREQUENCY motion (movements)

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2
Q

What kind of motion do hearing organs capture?

A

HIGH FREQUENCY motion (sound).

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3
Q

Describe the three functions of the outer ear

A

-To capture sound and focus it to the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
-Modest amplification
-To protect the ear

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4
Q

What is the main function of the middle ear?

A

Mechanical amplification

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5
Q

What is the hearing part of the ear called?

A

The cochlea

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6
Q

What is the function of the cochlea?

A

To transduce vibration into nervous impulses

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7
Q

What are the three compartments of the cochlea (from top to bottom)

A

-scala vestibuli
-scala media
-scala tympani

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8
Q

What are the scala vestibuli and tympani, and what do they contain

A

They are bone structures in the cochlea and contain PERILYMPH which is high in sodium.

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9
Q

What kind of structure is the scala media and what does it contain?

A

It is a MEMBRANOUS structure, contains ENDOLYMPH which is high in potassium.

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10
Q

What is located in the scala media giving the proper name aswell.

A

The hearing organ (Organ of corti).

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11
Q

What exists in the hearing organ/ organ of corti

A

Hair cells

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12
Q

What is the structure where the organ of corti lies called?

A

Basilar membrane

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13
Q

How can the arrangement of the basilar membrane where the organ of corti lies, be described as?

A

Arranged tonotopically, (like a xylophone)

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14
Q

What types of hair cells does the organ of corti contain

A

-Inner hair cells
-Outer hair cells

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15
Q

Describe the differences in the arrangement of the inner and outer hair cells.

A

Inner hair cells arranged in 1 line whereas outer hair cells arranged in 3s.

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16
Q

What lies above the hair cells and what does this allow?

A

A TECTORAL MEMBRANE lies above the hair cells which allows hair deflection.

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17
Q

What does the hair deflection cause?

A

Depolarisation of the hair cells.

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18
Q

Shat is the difference between afferent and efferent

A

AFFERENT coming TOWARDS
EFFERENT going AWAY

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19
Q

Which hair cell type carries the majority of the afferent information of the auditory nerve.

A

Inner hair cells.

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20
Q

What is the function of the inner hair cells (IHC)?

A

Transduction of the sound into nerve impulses.

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21
Q

Which hair cell type carries the majority of the efferent signals of the auditory nerve?

A

Outer hair cells

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22
Q

What is the function of the luter hair cells?

A

To modulate the sensitivity of the response.

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23
Q

What are the hair cells actually called and what is the name for the longest hair cell?

A

Sterocilia, the longest is called the kinocilium.

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24
Q

Describe how the potassium ion channels are opened in transduction.

A

The deflection of the stereocilia towards the longest cilium (kinocilium) opens the K+ channels.

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25
Q

Describe how the excitatory signal is produced once the K+ ions have entered.

A

The entry of K+ depolarises the cell which allows Ca+ to enter and cause the release of glutamate towards the afferent nerve.

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26
Q

How does louder sound affect stereocilia?

A

Higher amplitudes of sound will cause greater deflection of stereocilia and K+ channel opening.

27
Q

Describe how the movement of the tectoral membrane leads to the depolarisation and hyper-polarisation of the auditory nerves.

A

Depolarisation is caused by the movement of the tectoral membrane which moves the stereocilia towards the kinocilia to open the K+ ion channels.

Hyper-polarisation is caused by the tectoral membrane moving back and pushing the stereocilia in the opposite direction and closing the K+ channels.

28
Q

What do the stereocilia sit on?

A

The basilar membrane.

29
Q

What nerve does the auditory nerve combine with.

A

The vestibular nerve

30
Q

Where does the auditory part of nerve from the cochlea go to and where does this happen?

A

It goes to the cochlea nucleus in the pons of the brainstem.

31
Q

Which nuclei emerge in the midbrain

A

-The oculomotor nerve (III)
-The trochlear nerve (IV)

32
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the pons?

A

-Trigeminal (5)
-Abducens (6)
-Facial (7)
-Vestibulocochlea (8)

33
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the medulla?

A

-Glossopharyngeal (9)
-Vagus (10)
-Spinal accessory (11)
-Hypoglossal (12)

34
Q

Why does brain damage very rarely lead to hearing loss in both sides?

A

It is bilaterally inervated at a very early stage before entering the brain.

35
Q

Where does the vestibulocochlea nerve eventually reach?

A

The MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY in the thalamus.
Auditory cortex in temporal lobe.

36
Q

Where does auditory information cross

A

At the superior olive level.

37
Q

What are the three anatomical types of hearing loss

A

CONDUCTIVE hearing loss: problem located in the outer or middle ear
SENSORINEURAL hearing loss: The sensory organ (cochlear) or nerve (auditory nerve) most common
CENTRAL hearing loss: originates in brain and brainstem, very rare.

38
Q

Causes of conductive hearing loss in outer ear

A

Wax and foreign bodies

39
Q

Causes of conductive hearing loss in the middle ear

A

Otitis and otosclerosis

40
Q

What is otitis and otosclerosis

A

Otitis- middle ear infection
Otosclerosis- abnormal bone growth inside ear

41
Q

Causes of sensorineural hearing loss in the inner ear

A

-Noise
-Prebycusis
-Ototoxicity

42
Q

What is prebycusis and Ototoxicity?

A

Prebycusis: progressive hearing loss due to age.

Ototoxicity: damage to the ear caused by certain medications or chemicals.

43
Q

What are causes of sensorineural hearing loss affecting the Nerves

A

Acoustic neuroma (vestibular shwannoma).
Unilateral

44
Q

How would you clincaly assess hearing loss?

A

Whisper in ipsilateral ear whilst rubbing fingers in contralateral ear.

45
Q

What are two tests you can do with a tool to test hearing loss an describe how they work.

A

The WEBER test and RINNE test.
Useing a tuning fork.
Assess gross hearing loss.

46
Q

What is it called when hearing thresholds are plotted to define if there is a hearing loss or not?

A

Audiogram

47
Q

What is a normal hearing threshold

A

Between 0-20db

48
Q

What can you use to distinguish between conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss

A

Audiometry

49
Q

What are the two important outputs related to the vestibular system?

A

Ocular reflex and Postural control

50
Q

What is the input of detection for the vestibular system?

A

Movement and gravity

51
Q

What are the outputs of the vestibular system

A

Perception and reflexes maintaining posture and gaze.

52
Q

What are the three semicircular canals of the vestibular organ connected to?

A

The UTRICLE.

53
Q

What are the utricle and saccule called and where do there cells lie?

A

OTOLITH ORGANS, their cells are located on the MACULAE.

54
Q

What is the orientation of the way the cells are placed in the utricle and saccule?

A

Cells are placed HORIZONTALLY in the UTRICLE
and VERTICALLY in the SACCULE

55
Q

Where do the primary afferents of the vestibular nerves end?

A

In the vestibular nuclei in the pons.

56
Q

What is vertigo?

A

Sensation of spinning or moving when you are actually stationary.

57
Q

When will a person experience vertigo with a vestibular disorder, include the timing and laterality.

A

When it is acute AND unilateral.

58
Q

When will a person not experience vertigo with a vestibular disorder.

A

In slow AND unilateral or any bilateral loss.

59
Q

What is peripheral vestibular disorders used to describe.

A

Disorders of the vestibular organ or the VIII nerve (vestibulocochlea)

60
Q

What are central vestibular disorders used to describe.

A

Disorders of the CNS (brainstem/cerebellum).

61
Q

What are the clinical exams you do with acute diziness.

A

-Head Impulse test
-Nystagmus
-Test of Skew deviation
HINTS

62
Q

Describe the head impulse test.

A

A patient is sat down and a doctor moves his head to test wether eyes remain fixated in an object.

63
Q

What is nystagmus

A

Jerky movements of the eyes.

64
Q

Describe the test of skew deviation.

A

Covering one eye and seeing if the gaze corrects itself in each eye.

Neurology and neuroscience (10 decks)

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