Auditory

Question 1

inner hair cells

Answer 1

depolarize in response to sound conducted along the basilar membrane

Question 2

outer hair cells

Answer 2

the electromotility of these cells modifies the sensitivity of the basilar membrane (cochlear amplification)

Question 3

Rinne Test: conduction loss

Answer 3

the good ear lasts longer because it has air

Question 4

Rinne Test: partial neural loss

Answer 4

both ears last roughly the same time

Question 5

Weber Test: conduction loss

vibration is louder in the _____

Answer 5

affected ear

This is thought to occur because ambient sound is prevented from getting to the cochlea on the blocked side. This causes the nervous system to amplify sounds on that side by sensitizing cochlear transduction.

Question 6

Weber Test: partial neural loss

vibration is louder in the ______

Answer 6

unaffected ear

Question 7

Range of human hearing (low-high)

Answer 7

20-20,000 Hz

Question 8

weber’s test: where is the fork placed?

Answer 8

vertex (middle) of head

Question 9

rinne test: where is the fork placed

Answer 9

mastoid process

Question 10

BAEPS:brain stem auditory evoked potentials

Answer 10

EEG detects neural response to click sounds to assess neural hearing loss

Question 11

somatotrophy of basilar membrane of cochlea:

low vibrations are at the _____ of the cohclea

Answer 11

apex (end) of cochlea

Question 12

tract: decussation occurs at

Answer 12

the trapezoid body

Question 13

menier’s disease (endolympathic hydrops)

Answer 13

excess fluid in the inner ear- swellng of endolymphatic sac of idiopathic origin

Question 14

acoustic neuroma

Answer 14

benign tumor of Schwann cells compresses CNVIII

Question 15

tinnitus

Answer 15

auditory perception in the abscence of stimulus

Question 16

ototoxic drugs

Answer 16

streptomycin or gentamicin

Question 17

prebyacusis

Answer 17

loss of hearing with old age

Question 18

hyperacusis

Answer 18

extra-sensitivity to moderate or even low intensity sounds

Question 19

auditory agnosia

Answer 19

inability to identify meaning of an non-verbal sound; can hear, but don’t know what it means

Question 20

congenital amusia

Answer 20

tone deafness, changes in pitch

Question 21

timbre: brain region

Answer 21

right hemisphere/ cortex

Question 22

music: rhythm/ pitch/ familiarity

Answer 22

left hemisphere

Question 23

pitch (changes)

Answer 23

temporal regions of right hemisphere

Question 24

McGurk Effect

Answer 24

a mismatch between the sensation of sound and visual cue for a different letter result in perception of a third, unrelated sound.

Question 25

angular gyrus

Answer 25

Important for matching graphemes to | phonemes (reading)

Question 26

supramarginal gyrus

Answer 26

``` Important in matching incoming sounds to meaningful phonemes find individual neurons specific for different phonemes ```

Question 27

arcuate fasciculus

Answer 27

White matter tract that connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

Question 28

conduction aphasia

Answer 28

lesion to arcuate fasciculus which connects broca's area to wernicke's area

Question 29

Wernicke's Area

Answer 29

comprehension of speech

Question 30

Wernicke's Aphasia

Answer 30

can produce speech but not comprehend it; word salad

Question 31

Broca's Area

Answer 31

motor control of speech

Question 32

phonemes

Answer 32

letters

Question 33

lexemes

Answer 33

words/ sound groups

Question 34

semantics

Answer 34

meaning of phonemes/ sound groups

Question 35

syntax

Answer 35

rules of combinations of sound groups

Question 36

dorsal stream

Answer 36

localization | superior parietal cortex, superior frontal gyrus

Question 37

ventral stream

Answer 37

pitch primary auditory cortex inferior frontal gyrus

Question 38

inferior colliculus

Answer 38

See integration of auditory information with inputs carrying somatosensory information from parts of the body Involved in the startle response to auditory stimuli and in the vestibulo-ocular reflex

Question 39

MNTB: medial nucleus of trapezoid body

Answer 39

contains inhibitory neurons that decrease the activity of | lateral superior olive neurons)

Question 40

cohclear amplifier

Answer 40

outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane and decrease its range of movement in relation to the tectorial membrane - this protects the cochlea from loud sounds

Question 41

what is this process: the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles stiffen the ossicles in the middle ear to reduce transmission of loud, low frequency sounds to the inner ear

Answer 41

attenuation reflex

Question 42

amplitude

Answer 42

loudness

Question 43

frequency

Answer 43

ptich

Question 44

complexity

Answer 44

timber

Question 45

sound is heard longer through (air or bone)

Answer 45

air

Question 46

sound is heard louder through (air or bone)

Answer 46

bone

Question 47

timber

Answer 47

the sum of a variety of unequally weighted frequencies

Question 48

somatotrophy of basilar membrane of cochlea: | high vibrations are at the _____ of the cohclea

Answer 48

base of cochlea

Question 49

the endolymph is rich in _____

Answer 49

K+ | perilymph has low potassium

Question 50

Tip Links

Answer 50

protein complexes that connect K+ channels at the tip of one stereocilia to the shaft of another sterocilia

Question 51

K+ flows ____ during stereocilia depolarization

Answer 51

IN (due to the high concentration of K+ in the endolymph)

Question 52

prestin

Answer 52

the motor protein responsible for expansion of outer hair cells during cochlear dampening

Question 53

medial superior olive

Answer 53

localizes sound based on time delay

Question 54

lateral superior olive

Answer 54

localizes sound based on intensity difference, regulated by MNTB

Question 55

secondary "belt" areas

Answer 55

cells sensitive to specific combinations of sounds used in vocalization

Question 56

Broca's Aphasia

Answer 56

can understand speech, but fail to produce it