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neuro > Auditory > Flashcards

Auditory Flashcards

What do I absolutely need to know: 1. the auditory pathway 2. Rx: conduction disorders and tests 3. Sound Transduction/ regulation 1. Hair Cells (Organ of Corti) in: out: 2. bipolar cells (cochlear ganglion) in: out: 3. Cochlear Nerve (CN VIII) in: out: 4. Cochlear Nuclei in: out: 5. Cerebellopontine Angle (brainstem) in: out: 6. superior olivary nucleus 1. directly 2. through Trapezoid body 7. lateral lemniscus 8. Inferior Colliculus 9. Gyri of Heschl (temporal lobe

1
Q

inner hair cells

A

depolarize in response to sound conducted along the basilar membrane

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2
Q

outer hair cells

A

the electromotility of these cells modifies the sensitivity of the basilar membrane (cochlear amplification)

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3
Q

Rinne Test: conduction loss

A

the good ear lasts longer because it has air

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4
Q

Rinne Test: partial neural loss

A

both ears last roughly the same time

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5
Q

Weber Test: conduction loss

vibration is louder in the _____

A

affected ear

This is thought to occur because ambient sound is prevented from getting to the cochlea on the blocked side. This causes the nervous system to amplify sounds on that side by sensitizing cochlear transduction.

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6
Q

Weber Test: partial neural loss

vibration is louder in the ______

A

unaffected ear

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7
Q

Range of human hearing (low-high)

A

20-20,000 Hz

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8
Q

weber’s test: where is the fork placed?

A

vertex (middle) of head

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9
Q

rinne test: where is the fork placed

A

mastoid process

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10
Q

BAEPS:brain stem auditory evoked potentials

A

EEG detects neural response to click sounds to assess neural hearing loss

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11
Q

somatotrophy of basilar membrane of cochlea:

low vibrations are at the _____ of the cohclea

A

apex (end) of cochlea

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12
Q

tract: decussation occurs at

A

the trapezoid body

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13
Q

menier’s disease (endolympathic hydrops)

A

excess fluid in the inner ear- swellng of endolymphatic sac of idiopathic origin

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14
Q

acoustic neuroma

A

benign tumor of Schwann cells compresses CNVIII

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15
Q

tinnitus

A

auditory perception in the abscence of stimulus

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16
Q

ototoxic drugs

A

streptomycin or gentamicin

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17
Q

prebyacusis

A

loss of hearing with old age

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18
Q

hyperacusis

A

extra-sensitivity to moderate or even low intensity sounds

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19
Q

auditory agnosia

A

inability to identify meaning of an non-verbal sound; can hear, but don’t know what it means

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20
Q

congenital amusia

A

tone deafness, changes in pitch

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21
Q

timbre: brain region

A

right hemisphere/ cortex

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22
Q

music: rhythm/ pitch/ familiarity

A

left hemisphere

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23
Q

pitch (changes)

A

temporal regions of right hemisphere

24
Q

McGurk Effect

A

a mismatch between the sensation of sound and visual cue for a different letter result in perception of a third, unrelated sound.

25
Q

angular gyrus

A

Important for matching graphemes to

phonemes (reading)

26
Q

supramarginal gyrus

A 
Important in matching
incoming sounds to
meaningful phonemes
find individual neurons
specific for different
phonemes
27
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

White matter tract that
connects Wernicke’s
and Broca’s areas

28
Q

conduction aphasia

A

lesion to arcuate fasciculus which connects broca’s area to wernicke’s area

29
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

comprehension of speech

30
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

can produce speech but not comprehend it; word salad

31
Q

Broca’s Area

A

motor control of speech

32
Q

phonemes

A

letters

33
Q

lexemes

A

words/ sound groups

34
Q

semantics

A

meaning of phonemes/ sound groups

35
Q

syntax

A

rules of combinations of sound groups

36
Q

dorsal stream

A

localization

superior parietal cortex, superior frontal gyrus

37
Q

ventral stream

A

pitch
primary auditory cortex
inferior frontal gyrus

38
Q

inferior colliculus

A

See integration of auditory information
with inputs carrying somatosensory
information from parts of the body

Involved in the startle response to
auditory stimuli and in the
vestibulo-ocular reflex

39
Q

MNTB: medial nucleus of trapezoid body

A

contains inhibitory neurons that decrease the activity of

lateral superior olive neurons)

40
Q

cohclear amplifier

A

outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane and decrease its range of movement in
relation to the tectorial membrane - this protects the cochlea from loud sounds

41
Q

what is this process: the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles stiffen the ossicles in the middle ear to reduce transmission of loud, low frequency sounds to the inner ear

A

attenuation reflex

42
Q

amplitude

A

loudness

43
Q

frequency

A

ptich

44
Q

complexity

A

timber

45
Q

sound is heard longer through (air or bone)

A

air

46
Q

sound is heard louder through (air or bone)

A

bone

47
Q

timber

A

the sum of a variety of unequally weighted frequencies

48
Q

somatotrophy of basilar membrane of cochlea:

high vibrations are at the _____ of the cohclea

A

base of cochlea

49
Q

the endolymph is rich in _____

A

K+

perilymph has low potassium

50
Q

Tip Links

A

protein complexes that connect K+ channels at the tip of one stereocilia to the shaft of another sterocilia

51
Q

K+ flows ____ during stereocilia depolarization

A

IN (due to the high concentration of K+ in the endolymph)

52
Q

prestin

A

the motor protein responsible for expansion of outer hair cells during cochlear dampening

53
Q

medial superior olive

A

localizes sound based on time delay

54
Q

lateral superior olive

A

localizes sound based on intensity difference, regulated by MNTB

55
Q

secondary “belt” areas

A

cells sensitive to specific combinations of sounds used in vocalization

56
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

can understand speech, but fail to produce it

neuro (10 decks)

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