15 Olfaction and Taste

Question 1

trigeminal system

Answer 1

sensory nerve endings in the oral and nasal cavities, it plays a protective role

Question 2

TRP

Answer 2

a sodium and calcium channel that responds to temperature and spiciness (capsacin and menthol)

Question 3

olfactory system has _____ sensitivity and a ____ range of discrimination

Answer 3

high; broad

Question 4

goofy: butyl mercaptan

Answer 4

skunk smell

Question 5

anosmias

Answer 5

selective olfactory defects

Question 6

goofy: asparagine

Answer 6

smelly odor from asparagus

Question 7

vomeronasal organ

Answer 7

a system that detects pheromones in animals. it’s role in humans is likely absent

Question 8

basal cells

Answer 8

precursors for additional olfactory neurons (neurogenesis occurs here)

Question 9

granule cells

Answer 9

?

Question 10

mitral cells

Answer 10

the principal projection neurons of the olfactory bulb, and are the only
ones to project to other regions of the brain

HIGH CONVERGENCE and specificity in glomeruli

Question 11

periglomerular cells

Answer 11

?

Question 12

glomeruli

Answer 12

ends of receptor cell axons and mitral cell dendrites

Question 13

olfactory cilia

Answer 13

site of greatest sensitivity to odorants

Question 14

odorant receptor: what class?

Answer 14

G-protein coupled receptor

Question 15

Golf

Answer 15

G-protein coupled to an olfactory receptor and a cAMP dependent channel

Question 16

IP3

Answer 16

some odorants rely on a phospholipase C pathway

Question 17

coding of olfactory stimuli

Answer 17

cortical neurons compare information from multiple receptor types

Question 18

across fiber pattern

Answer 18

the code for a particular quality is determined by the pattern of activity across all of the afferent nerve fibers, rather than by activity in any single nerve fiber
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27946/

Question 19

labeled line

Answer 19

one receptor for one taste, this model doesn’t appear to be true
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27946/

Question 20

pyriform cortex

Answer 20

emotional processing of odors

Question 21

entorhinal cortex

Answer 21

memory and odor

Question 22

locus ceruleus (olfaction)

Answer 22

increases sensitivity to odor

Question 23

what is more sensitive: taste or odor?

Answer 23

odor

Question 24

fungiform papillae

Answer 24

taste buds at top

Facial Nerve

Question 25

vallate papillae

Answer 25

large, base of tongue (1/2 of taste buds) taste buds at side of papillae Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

Question 26

follate

Answer 26

edges of tongue taste buds at sid Glossopharyngeal Nerve and Facial Nerve

Question 27

filoform papillae

Answer 27

no taste buds

Question 28

super taster

Answer 28

higher density of taste bud-containing fungiform papillae

Question 29

taste: support cells

Answer 29

support taste cells

Question 30

taste: basal cells

Answer 30

responsible for replenishing cells

Question 31

taste: taste cells

Answer 31

one of 3 different cells types that work together to produce/ sustain taste *lack an axon*

Question 32

nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)

Answer 32

first stop for taste, controls coughing and gaging reflexes

Question 33

VPM

Answer 33

sends inputs to the gustatory cortex in the insula

Question 34

salty: whr are receptors located/ innervated?

Answer 34

funigform, CN V

Question 35

sour: whr are receptors located/ innervated?

Answer 35

folliate papillae, CNIX and CN V

Question 36

bitter: whr are receptors located/ innervated?

Answer 36

vallate papillae, CN IX

Question 37

amiloride sensitive channel

Answer 37

non-voltage gated channels that directly sense salt

Question 38

salt: sensation mechanism

Answer 38

direct sensation of salt via amiloride channel

Question 39

sour sensation mechanism

Answer 39

direct sensation of acid

Question 40

sweet

Answer 40

G-protein coupled receptor system, uses TIR receptor and phospholipase C similar to bitter, umami

Question 41

bitter

Answer 41

G-protein coupled receptor system, uses TIR receptor and phospholipase C similar to sweet, umami

Question 42

umami

Answer 42

G-protein coupled receptor system for glutamate, uses TIR receptor and phospholipase C similar to sweet, bitter

Question 43

insula

Answer 43

flavor, an integration of texture, taste, smell

Question 44

atrophic rhinitis

Answer 44

reduced olfactory abilities

Question 45

diabetes

Answer 45

reduced olfactory abilities

Question 46

chronic renal failure

Answer 46

reduced olfactory and gustatory abilities

Question 47

alzheimer's disease

Answer 47

reduced olfactory abilities due to loss of receptors

Question 48

cystic fibrosis

Answer 48

enhanced olfactory and gustatory abilities, may be due to thicker mucous trapping odorants

Question 49

epilepsy

Answer 49

enhanced olfactory and gustatory abilities