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Neuroscience 2 > Audition > Flashcards

Audition Flashcards

1
Q

amplitudes of sound waves corresond to ??

A

loudness

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2
Q

normal speech is how many decibels?

A

60

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3
Q

frequency of sound waves corresponds to ??

A

pitch

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4
Q

humans can detect what frequency ranges?

A

20 Hz- 20kHz

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5
Q

complexity of sound waves corresponds to ??

A

timbre- quality of sound

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6
Q

presbycusis

A

hearing loss associated w/ old age, usually an age dependent loss of high frequency range

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7
Q

attenuation reflex

A

tensor tympani and stapedius muscles stiffen the ossicles in response to loud sounds

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8
Q

tensor tympani muscle is innervated by what? stapedius muscle innervated by?

A

trigeminal, facial

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9
Q

3 bones of the middle ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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10
Q

outer ear function

A

boosts sound pressure around normal human speech 30-100x

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11
Q

middle ear function

A

vibrational energy moves tympanic membrane, which is translated via ossicles to oval window

boosts 200 fold

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12
Q

function of eustachian tube

A

equalize pressure between ear and nasopharnyx

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13
Q

3 different chambers of the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli- perilymph

scala tympani- perilymph

scala media- endolymph

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14
Q

what produces endolymph

A

stria vascularis in scala media

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15
Q

basilar memebrane organization

A

sound vibrations create a wave inside the basilar membrane

narrower and stiffer at the base- high frequency sounds vibrate more

wider and more flexible at the end- low frequency sounds vibrate more

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16
Q

tip link

A

protein complexes that connect K channels at the tip of one stereocilia to the shaft of another

when opened, allow K into cell

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17
Q

directionality of stereocilia

A

pushing the stereocilia one way causes hyperpolarization,

pushing the other way causes depolarization

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18
Q

describe the physiology of hair cells

A

high [K] outside hair cells causes a large chemical and electrical gradient into the cell

opening channels causes K to flow into cell and depolarization

this triggers Ca release, which causes vesicle release into afferent synapses

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19
Q

what determines the positional development of hair cells

A

BMP7 and retonic acid develop gradients down cochlea during development

more stereocilia closer to base, shorter

less stereocilia near apex, longer

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20
Q

tectorial membrane

A

lies on top of stereocilia, displacement of basilar membrane causes shear against tectorial membrane

21
Q

function of efferent axons

A

efferent hair cells exhibit electromotility- change shape w/ changes in potential

when hair cells are short, allows for greater vibration of basilar membrane and more signal

when hair cells are long, dampens vibration and causes less signal

22
Q

prestins

A

motor proteins sensitive to membrane potential- causes change in shape in outer hair cells

23
Q

furosemide

A

interferes w/ outer hair cells contraction- decreases cochlear amplifier

24
Q

the optimal frequency of hair cells is determined by what?

A

intrinsic- ion channels it expresses

extrensic- position on the basilat membrane

25
Q

tonotopic projections to cochlear nuclei

A

similar to basilar membrane, there is an organization by frequency in cells in the cochlear nucleus

26
Q

describe the cochlear nuclei

A

found in rostral medulla

dorsal- frequency info
ventral- intensity info

27
Q

list the auditory pathway

A

cochlear nuclei- superior olive - nucleus of lateral leminscus - inferior colliculus - medial geniculate - auditory cortex

28
Q

describe sound localization

A

1 time delay in 2 ears- time delay calculated by medial superior olive

2 by comparing intensity differences between ears- sensed by lateral superior olive (ipsilateral LSO excited, contralateral LSO inhibited)

3 phase differences; used w/ low frequency sounds. sounds arrive at 2 different times in their wave cycle

4 vertical location- uses timbre to localize vertical location

29
Q

inferior colliculus function

A

integration of auditory w/ somatosensory

startle response

filtering out of self-generated sounds

30
Q

medial geniculate of thalamus function

A

relay station to cortex

31
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex

A

superior temporal lobe, right below sylvian fissure. maintains tonotopic organization

32
Q

secondary auditory cortex

A

“belt areas”

specific for combinations of sounds, specific durations, or specific patterns of sounds

wernickes area- important for speech comprehension

33
Q

dual streams of auditory info

A

ventral- primary auditory- inferior frontal gyrus- important for pitch

dorsal stream- superior parietal cortex- superior frontal gyrus- important for localization

34
Q

brocas area

A

important for generating speech

premotor area

35
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

white matter tract that connects wernickes and brocas areas

36
Q

supramarginal gyrus

A

matches incoming sounds with phonemes

37
Q

angular gyrus

A

important for matching graphemes to phonemes

38
Q

mcgurk effect

A

when presented with one sound and a visual image of a face making a different sound

39
Q

hyperacusis

A

extra sensitivity to low intensity sounds

damage to tympani or stepadius muscles

bells palsy

40
Q

auditory agnosia

A

inability to identify meaning of a non verbal sound

41
Q

congenital amusia

A

tone deafness (hereditary)

cant detect changes in pitch

42
Q

conduction deafness

A

loss of conduction of sound from outer ear to cochlea

43
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

loss of hair cells or neurons in auditory nerve

44
Q

acquired hearing loss

A

main causes: trauma, infection, drugs (strepamicin or gentamicin)

45
Q

genetic hearing loss

A

many involve channels and transporters involving K concentrations

46
Q

tinnitus

A

ringing in ears w/o stimulus

47
Q

acoustic neuroma

A

slow growing benign tumor in elderly pts

from schwann cells

presses on inner ear and causes vestibular or auditory symptoms

48
Q

menieres disease

A

endolymphatic duct gets blocked and causes pressure buildup

Neuroscience 2 (7 decks)

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