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Block 6 Week 4 > AuCoin 5: - strand enveloped RNA viruses > Flashcards

AuCoin 5: - strand enveloped RNA viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What do - sense RNA viruses REQUIRE for replication in the cytoplasm?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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2
Q

What is the only important Rhabdovirus? What does it infect? How is it transmitted?

A

Rabies virus (Lyssavirus); broad range of hosts - infects all mammals; transmitted via bite of rabid animal (bats, racoons, skunks)

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3
Q

What are the three stages of rabies virus infection?

A
  1. incubation period for 2 weeks to a year
  2. prodrome phase: fever, nausea, headache, spreads to CNS
  3. neurologic phase: hydrophobia, anxiety, paralysis, coma
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4
Q

How do you treat a rabies virus patient?

A

give vaccine and human rabies IgG following animal bite

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5
Q

How do you clinically diagnose rabies virus?

A

cytological detection of inclusion bodies or identify viral antigen in brain tissue

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6
Q

Ebola are Marburg viruses are filoviruses. What do they cause?

A

severe hemorrhagic fever

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7
Q

How are ebola and marburg viruses transmitted? What is the reservoir? What happens after initial infection?

A

by direct contact with contaminated body fluids; bats; infects macrophages and spreads via blood causing tissue destruction due to release of cytokines causing vascular permeability, hemorrhage, shock

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8
Q

Describe how ebola and marburg virus presents clinically leading up to death.

A 
severe hemorrhagic fever:
sudden fever
headache
joint and muscle pain
vomiting diarrhea
**bleeding into skin, mucous membranes and visceral organs
death by multiorgan failure and shock
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9
Q

What is another name for orthomyxovirus?

A

influenza virus

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10
Q

What is on the surface of the influenza virus? What does this bind to on respiratory epithelial cells?

A

HA (hemagluttinin) - surface glycoproteins bind to sialic acid receptors on respiratory epithelial cells

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11
Q

Describe the process of influenza virus endocytosis and ultimately budding from the plasma membrane of the host cell.

A
  1. receptor mediated endocytosis of virus via HA binding to sialic acid receptors on respiratory epithelium
  2. segmented ribonucleoproteins are released into the cytoplasm
  3. genome is transported to the NUCLEUS where replication and transcription occurs
  4. viral mRNAs are transported to the cytoplasm for translation
  5. early viral replication proteins are transported back to the nucleus
  6. assembly and budding occurs at the plasma membrane
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12
Q

Why does influenza kill thousands per year?! How is it transmitted?

A

transmitted by respiratory droplets - infects birds, chickens, pigs; there are 3 strains A, B, C. Type A alone has 16 antigenic types of HA and 9 types of NA. Antigenic changes to HA and NA cause epidemics and pandemics.

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13
Q

What is this?

reassortment of segments of the genome RNA

vs

small mutations in the genome RNA

A

antigenic shift; antigenic drift

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14
Q

How does influenza typically present? When does it resolve?

A 
incubation period of 24-48 hours, followed by:
fever
myalgia
headache
sore throat
cough

**symptoms resolve in 4-7 days, but it may be complicated by pneumonia

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15
Q

Who is especially at risk of influenza?

A

elderly

patients with cardiac and pulmonary disease

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16
Q

How is the flu treated? How is it prevented?

A

prevented by new antigenic vaccine each year; immunity depends on IgA to specific HA in the respiratory tract; treated with tamiflu and relenza

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17
Q

This is a paramyxovirus characterized by a maculopapular rash

A

morbillivirus - measles virus

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18
Q

How is measles virus transmitted? How does it spread in the body?

A

transmitted via respiratory droplets; infects resp tract then spreads to blood via phagocytic cells

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19
Q

How does measles virus present?

A

incubation phase of 10-14 days, followed by:
fever
conjunctivitis
runny nose and cough
RASH that spreads from face to extremities
KOPLICK spots (small white spots on inflamed buccal mucosa)
encephalitis may occur

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20
Q

What are two characteristic features of measles?

A

Koplick spots
**white spots in mouth
rash from face to trunk

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21
Q

How do we currently prevent measles?

A

live, attenuated vaccine

22
Q

Another paramyxovirus is the parainfluenza virus. What does this virus cause? How is it transmitted?

A 
In children:
croup
laryngitis/pharyngitis
bronchiolitis
pneumonia
otitis media
**disease resembles a common cold in adults;
transmitted via respiratory droplets
23
Q

Which strains of parainfluenza virus are the main cause of croup in children younger than 5? What is croup?!

A

PIV 1 & 2; croup is a harsh, barking cough and hoarseness caused by swelling of the trachea and larynx

**PIV 3 is in lower respiratory infections in children

24
Q

Another paramyxovirus is mumps virus. What does this cause? How is it transmitted?

A

causes painful swelling of the PAROTID gland; transmitted via respiratory droplets

**occurs in childhood, only a single serotype

25
Q

Once in the respiratory tract, where else can mumps virus spread?

A

can spread via blood to parotid glands, testes, ovaries, pancreas, meninges

26
Q

This paramyxovirus is the most common cause of pneumonia and bronchitis and infants; transmitted via respiratory droplets

A

RSV - respiratory syncytial virus

27
Q

What does RSV cause in infants? In adults?

A

pronounced cough and expiratory wheezing in infants; common cold, bronchitis in adults; pneumonia in elderly

28
Q

What is one medication used for severely ill hospitalized infants with RSV?

A

ribavirin

29
Q

Who is specifically at risk of RSV infection?

A

neonates
premature infants
infants with CARDIOPULMONARY disease

30
Q

This paramyxovirus is the second leading cause of bronchiolitis behind RSV; its illness is comparable to that caused by RSV; most likely spread via respiratory droplets

A

metapneumovirus

31
Q

What does metapneumovirus cause in infants and children?

A

acute respiratory distress - mild resp tract infections

32
Q

How does metapneumovirus differ from RSV?

A

it occurs in slightly older children and causes less severe disease

**if it’s not RSV, think metapneumovirus

33
Q

What kind of virus is hantavirus?

A

bunyavirus

34
Q

What does hantavirus cause?

A

hantavirus fever with renal syndrome

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

35
Q

Where is hantavirus pulmonary syndrome seen in the US? How is it acquired?

A

In Western US in DEER MICE; acquired by inhalation of aerosols of rodent feces and urine

**hanta the mouse

36
Q

What are the symptoms of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome?

A

influenza like symptoms followed by respiratory failure

**very high mortality rate

37
Q

How do you diagnose hantavirus clinically?

A

you detect viral RNA in lung tissue

PCR

38
Q

Another bunyavirus is California encephalitis virus. What causes this? What is the most common subtype of this virus that causes disease?

A

it is an arbovirus - mosquito; La Crosse virus

39
Q

What are the symptoms of California encephalitis virus or LCVA?

A 
severe headache
fever
vomiting/convulsions
seizures
1% die from aseptic meningitis
40
Q

If an individual tests positive for IgM or IgG to California encephalitis virus antigen, what does this mean?

A

seropositive individuals are protected from re-infection

41
Q

This is a disease caused by bunyavirus; it is a TICK-borne viral disease common in Africa, Eastern Europe and Asia

A

Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever

42
Q

What causes Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever?

A

handling infected mammals or humans

43
Q

What are the symptoms of Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever?

A 
initially:
fever
headache
aches
dizziness
mental confusion
next: hemorrhagic phase
bleeding from nose
GI
uterus

causes hepatomegaly

44
Q

This is another Bunyavirus; mosquito borne; infects domestic LIVESTOCK; mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt

A

Rift Valley fever virus

45
Q

What are the symptoms of Rift Valley fever virus?

A

mild febrile illness

can cause retinitis and permanent vision loss

46
Q

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis is caused by an arenavirus. How is it transmitted? What is the most common reservoir?

A

aerosol inhalation or ingestion of contaminated food; HAMSTERS (secretions and excretions)

47
Q

What do infections with arenavirus causing lymphocytic choriomeningitis present like? Do many patients with this disease die?

A

most are asymptomatic
influenza like symptoms
aseptic meningitis; no - low case fatality rate

48
Q

So when you think lymphocytic choriomeningitis, what do you think of?

A

HAMSTERS

49
Q

Another arenavirus is Lassa fever virus. How is this transmitted? How does it spread from person to person? How does it enter the body?

A

aerosol or contact with rodent excretions; spreads via contact with blood, secretions, and excretions; enters through inhalation or through skin abrasion

50
Q

Where is Lassa fever virus endemic?

A

in West Africa

Lassa, Nigeria

51
Q

What symptoms does Lassa fever virus cause?

A

severe hemorrhagic fever
myalgia
severe prostration
viremia can develop and it can spread systemically via macrophages

52
Q

List the 6 helical - ssRNA strand viruses

A 
arenavirus
bunyavirus: bunya and hanta
filovirus
orthomyxovirus
paramyxovirus
rhabdovirus

ABFOPR

Block 6 Week 4 (10 decks)

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