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Block 6 Week 4 > AuCoin 4: + strand RNA enveloped viruses > Flashcards

AuCoin 4: + strand RNA enveloped viruses Flashcards

1
Q

There are two subtypes of togaviruses. What are they?

A

alphavirus

rubivirus

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2
Q

What does rubivirus cause?

A

rubella

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3
Q

How is rubivirus transmitted?

A

via respiratory droplets or from mother to fetus transplacentally

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4
Q

Is rubella still seen in the US? Where is it still endemic?

A

no - eliminated in 2005; still seen in developing countries

**called “German measles”

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5
Q

Where does rubivirus begin replicating? Then where does it spread?

A

in the nasopharynx and lymph nodes; spreads via blood to internal organs and skin

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of rubivirus infection?

A

in children, usually mild symptoms including rash, low fever, nausea, conjunctivitis
infection during pregnancy (congenital rubella syndrome) causes significant malformations

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7
Q

How do you diagnose rubella clinically?

A

detection of IgM or 4-fold rise in IgG titers

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8
Q

What are viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors called? What is a common insect vector?

A

arboviruses; mosquito

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9
Q

What are common clinical features of arbovirus infections?

A 
fever
headache
malaise
encephalitis
hemorrhagic fever
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10
Q

What are three ARBO viruses?

A

Togaviruses
Flaviviruses
Bunyaviruses

  • *Think of Flava Flav wearing a toga with a nasty Bunyan
  • *Toga and Flavi are icosahedral, while Bunya is helical
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11
Q

Alphavirus is a type of togavirus. What does it cause?

A

Eastern equine encephalitis

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12
Q

How is alphavirus, or EEE, transmitted?

A

it is an arbovirus, so from mosquitoes to wild birds to humans

  • *Alpha the mosquito
  • *infects horses
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13
Q

What are the symptoms of alphavirus (EEE) infection?

A 
severe headaches
nausea
vomiting
fever
change in mental status
seizures and coma
**brain damage in survivors
33% mortality rate
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14
Q

How do you diagnose an alphavirus infection?

A

isolate the virus or detect rise in antibody titer

**no vaccine available, but there is one for horses

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15
Q

How is western equine encephalitis virus (WEE) different from eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE)?

A

they are both arboviruses, both transmitted via mosquito to birds to humans - just know that WEE is less severe than EEE; no vaccine available for humans, but there is one available for horses

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16
Q

How is Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) different from EEE and WEE?

A

they are all arboviruses; VEE is transferred from mosquitoes to horses to humans; found mainly in South and Central America; healthy adults get flu-like symptoms in addition to other symptoms; there IS a vaccine available for both humans and horses

17
Q

Dengue virus is a flavivirus. How is it spread? Where is it found?

A

arbovirus - spread by mosquitoes; endemic in SE Asia, Central and South America, and Caribbean (not in US - except for imported cases)

18
Q

What symptoms does dengue virus cause?

A 
Dengue fever:
breakbone fever - muscle and joint pain
acutely febrile
headache
retroocular pain
rash

Dengue hemorrhagic fever:
symptoms progress to prostration, GI and skin hemorrhage, shock and coma

19
Q

How do you diagnose Dengue virus?

A

serological IgM

20
Q

West Nile virus is also a flavivirus. How is it transmitted?

A

mosquito bite and infects CROWS

**Nile the Crow

21
Q

How does West Nile virus spread throughout the body from the initial infection site? Who is most susceptible to this virus?

A

gets into the blood and spreads via monocytes/macrophages to the brain, which is the target organ; children and the elderly are at the greatest risk

22
Q

What are some symptoms of West Nile virus?

A 
less than 1% of cases are symptomatic, but symptoms range from flu-like to encephalitis:
headache
nausea
fever
malaise
myalgia
backache
neck stiffness
23
Q

How do you diagnose West Nile virus clinically?

A

virus-specific IgM in serum of CSF

24
Q

St. Louis encephalitis is also caused by a flavivirus. How is it transmitted? Where is it seen?

A

mosquitoes bite infected birds; in the US in late summer/early fall

25
Q

What are the symptoms of St. Louis encephalitis? Who is at risk?

A

flu-like febrile illness to encephalitis - can cause more severe neuroinvasive infections; elderly at risk

26
Q

So, if it’s not West Nile virus, what else could you consider?

A

St. Louis encephalitis

27
Q

Yellow fever virus is another flavivirus. How is it transmitted? Where is it seen?

A

arbovirus - transmitted by mosquitoes; seen in Africa and S. America (not US)

28
Q

What are the symptoms of yellow fever virus?

A 
hemorrhagic fever:
jaundice
fever
headache
BLACK vomit (hemorrhaging)
hemorrhages
29
Q

How fatal is yellow fever virus?

A

20-50% mortality!

**there is a highly effective live attenuated vaccine

30
Q

Hep C virus is another flavivirus. How is it transmitted? Who is at high risk?

A

parenternally; IV drug users and organ transplant recipients

31
Q

What is the most common indication of Hep C viral infection following a liver transplant?

A

cirrhosis - HCV infects hepatocytes and causes liver injury due to cytotoxic T cells

32
Q

What are the symptoms of acute Hep C infection? Chronic?

A

primary infection can be asymptomatic or cause mild illness; acute infection causes decreased appetite, fatigue, nausea, muscle/joint pain, weight loss; cirrhosis which may lead to hepatocellular carcinoma

33
Q

How is Hep C viral infection diagnosed clinically?

A

serology or RT-PCR for virion RNA

34
Q

This virus is the SECOND leading cause of the common cold behind rhinovirus

A

coronavirus

35
Q

What does coronavirus cause?

A 
SARS: 
flu-like symptoms
fever
dyspnea
hypoxia
atypical pneumonia (bilateral lung infiltrates)
36
Q

What are symptoms of a cold caused by coronavirus?

A

runny nose
sore throat
low grade fever

**limited to mucosal cells of respiratory tract

Block 6 Week 4 (10 decks)

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