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Block 6 Week 4 > AuCoin 3: + strand non-enveloped viruses > Flashcards

AuCoin 3: + strand non-enveloped viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are TWO non-enveloped + strand RNA viruses?

A

picornaviruses

calici

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2
Q

What are the three subclasses of picornaviruses?

A

enterovirus
rhinovirus
hepernavirus

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3
Q

Describe the genetic structure of the picornaviruses.

A

naked virion
small
icosahedral capsid
ssRNA genome

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4
Q

Which type of picornavirus is resistant to pH 3-9, detergents, sewage treatment and heat?

A

enteroviruses

ex: poliovirus, coxsackie A and B, echovirus, enterovirus

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5
Q

The genome of picornaviruses is (blank), which infers that it could be infectious without its capsid; the genome replicates in the (blank); the viral genome produces (blank)

A

mRNA; cytoplasm; polyproteins

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6
Q

What enzyme is essential for replication of RNA viruses in the cytoplasm?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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7
Q

Do + sense RNA viruses need RNA-dependent RNA included in the virion?

A

no - they are mRNA, but RNA dependent RNA polymerase makes - strand RNA as a template for more + strand RNA

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8
Q

How are picornaviruses, like enterovirus and poliovirus, transmitted?

A

fecal-oral route

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9
Q

What % of picornaviruses are clinically apparent?

A

1%

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10
Q

Where does initial replication occur for the picornaviruses?

A

in the oropharynx and small intestine, leading to nausea and vomiting

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11
Q

What can the poliovirus cause?

A

disease ranges from asymptomatic to paralytic poliomyelitis, which is an acute viral infection of the meninges and the motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem

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12
Q

What clinical clues would cause you to expect a case of paralytic poliomyelitis?

A

individual has acute onset of flaccid paralysis

stool sample or swab of pharynx with poliovirus

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13
Q

In what countries is poliovirus still endemic in? Is it seen in the Western hemisphere?

A

Nigeria, Pakistan, Afghanistan; eradicated from the Western hemisphere

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14
Q

What do enteroviruses cause?

A

viral meningitis

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15
Q

Which is worse, viral or bacterial meningitis?

A

bacterial

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16
Q

Who gets viral meningitis? How do they get it?

A

younger children less than 5yo; changing a diaper or not properly washing their hands after fecal contact

17
Q

What clues would tell you that a patient has viral meningitis?

A

sudden onset of fever, headache, stiff neck; accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia, altered mental status

**symptoms last 7-10 days and then the patient usu recovers

18
Q

If meningitis is expected, what should you obtain from the lab?

A

CSF sample and a blood sample

19
Q

Coxsackie viruses are non-polio enteroviruses. What are the two flavors, and what does each cause?

A

Group A causes herpangina - ulcers in oropharynx, fever, sore throat (hand-foot-and-mouth-disease) and Group B causes pleurodynia - fever, pleuritic chest pain, myocarditis

20
Q

Groups A and B Coxsackie viruses can cause what condition?

A

aseptic meningitis

mild paralysis

21
Q

Who usually gets Coxsackie viral infections? How do you diagnose it?

A

young people with naive immune systems; diagnosed by PCR of enteroviral RNA in spinal fluid

22
Q

The echovirus (ECHO = enteric cytopathic human orphan) is another type of non-polio enterovirus. How is this virus transmitted?

A

fecal-oral route, transmitted in pools

23
Q

What do echoviruses cause?

A 
aseptic viral meningitis
upper respiratory tract infection
febrile illness
infantile diarrhea
hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
hand foot and mouth disease
24
Q

How do you diagnose echovirus?

A

PCR

25
Q

This virus is the main cause of the common cold; there are over 100 serological types; transmitted by aerosolized droplets or fomites

A

rhinovirus

26
Q

How do you get infected with rhinovirus? What does it infect?

A

through the upper respiratory tract; infects nose rather than lower resp tract

27
Q

How would you know if someone had the rhinovirus?

A

after 2-4 days of incubation, they will be sneezing w nasal discharge, sore throat, cough, headache (usu no fever or aches)

**illness lasts about 1 week

28
Q

Fever and extreme exhaustion are not usually seen with rhinovirus infection. What are these more commonly symptoms of?

A

influenza infection

29
Q

What does the Heparnavirus cause?

A

Hep A

30
Q

What is the heparnavirus also known as? How is it transmitted?

A

enterovirus 72; one serotype; transmitted by fecal-oral route in areas of poor sanitation and poor hygiene - infection occurs from fecally contaminated water and food

31
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of heparnavirus infection?

A 
fatigue
fever
nausea
vomiting
JAUNDICE
dark urine, pale feces
elevated liver enzymes
  • *may be asymptomatic, mild illness, or debilitating illness
  • *15-50 day incubation period
32
Q

How do you diagnose heparnavirus?

A

IgM antibodies or 4-fold rise in IgG 1-3 weeks after infection

33
Q

How do you recover from heparnavirus?

A

usu just resolves in 2-4 weeks, no chronic infection

34
Q

What vaccine would you recommend for people who travel?

A

heparnavirus!

**international travel is considered the number one risk factor for HAV infection in the US

35
Q

Everything discussed so far was PICOrna viruses. Now onto CALICviruses. What is the main pathogen in the calicivirus family?

A

Norovirus - Norwalk virus

36
Q

How is Norwalk virus transmitted? What do people usually ingest that causes infection?

A

fecal-oral route; contaminated seafood or water (on cruiseships, in pools)

37
Q

What are the symptoms of Norwalk virus?

A 
most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in older children and adults in the US
sudden onset of vomiting
diarrhea (non-bloody)
low grade fever
abdominal cramping

**short incubation period (24hrs)

38
Q

How do you diagnose Norwalk virus infection?

A

clinically

can use PCR on stool

Block 6 Week 4 (10 decks)

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